Characteristics of Bipolar Disorders Essay - 1304 Words

Characteristics of Bipolar Disorders Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function (Mental Help Net, 2004). Different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through, the symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. Bipolar Disorder is broken down into two types: Bipolar I: For a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder, at least one manic or mixed episode clearly is or has been present (APA, 2000). DSM-IV Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder consists of: One or more Manic or Mixed episodes†¦show more content†¦Bipolar II: Similar to Bipolar I Disorder, there are periods of highs as described above and often followed by periods of depression. Bipolar II Disorder, however is different in that the highs are hypo manic, rather than manic (APA, 2000). In other words, they have similar symptoms but they are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and typically do not require hospitalization in order to assure the safety of the person. A persons family history and genetics (diathesis) often play an important role in the greater likelihood of someone having bipolar disorder in their lifetime (Mental Help Net, 2004). Increased stress and inadequate coping mechanisms to deal with that stress may also contribute to the disorders manifestation. Bipolar disorder is most often experienced as a swing between a manic and a depressed mood, which may often be related to increased stress or other event in a persons normal life (Mental Help Net, 2004). Nearly anything can trigger a person to shift in mood, and sometimes there is no obvious trigger at all. Often, the first manic episode is triggered because of some external stressor the person has experienced. However, the hallmark of Bipolar disorder is that the persons extreme moods often seem to come on of their own accord (Mental Help Net,Show MoreRelatedThe Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder and Modes of Treatment1026 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder (manic-depres sion) is a neurological disorder influencing mood. Without treatment, people afflicted by this disorder demonstrate extreme emotional fluctuations throughout their lives. Yet despite (or perhaps as a result of) the unusual intensity of the bipolar emotional roller coaster, many people with this disorder have been widely regarded as leaders and high achievers in a variety of fields of endeavor. A closer look at bipolar disorder seems to reveal a cycle of extremes fromRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Schizophrenia Disorder1354 Words   |  6 Pagesher battle with manic-depressive disorder, otherwise known as bipolar disorder. This memoir gave an intelligent perspective of the emotional battle people face when dealing with bipolar disorder, as well as an understanding on the reality and nature of this illness. This book follows very closely to the research based on bipolar disorder, which gave a good informational perspective as well as emotional insight. Through reading this book, articles on bipolar disorder, and research it gave a powerfulRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1572 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Bipolar disorder has had a large history full of misunderstandings, wrongful treatments and stigma surrounding the illness. Bipolar, formerly called manic depression causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). (Mayo 1998) When you become depressed you may feel sad, vulnerable and anxious. When you experience mania you will become overly joyful or full of energy, making the crash back to depression that much harder. According to A ShortRead MorePrevalence Rate For Bipolar I Disorder1552 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder is 0.6% and the 12-month prevalence rate is 0.4% of the overall population (Merikangas et al, 2011). The United States had the highest reported lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders with 4.4% and a 12-month prevalence of 2.8%. In addition, lifetime prevalence rates for bipolar I disorder were found to be slightly higher in males than in females. While much of the reported prevalence rates for bipolar disorder are based on adults 18 yearsRead MoreEffective Instructional Practices For Students With Bipolar Disorder Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesInstructional Practices for Educators Working with Students Afflicted with Bipolar Disorder Despite the advances in designing instructions for students with learning disabilities, a lot of educators across the country still face significant challenges in addressing the needs of students who suffer from behavioral and emotional disorders. To add to this existing conundrum, there are a lot of students exhibiting bipolar characteristics who remain undiagnosed. Despite the existing federal mandates to betterRead MoreChildhood Trauma Can Have A Significant Impact On The Behaviour1460 Words   |  6 Pagesshown how trauma causes behavioral problems and can also result in mental disorders in the person. Studies conducted by Gabriele et al. (2002) and Sara et al. (2013) show how incidences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are widespread in patients with bipolar disorder. Gabriele et al. (2002) conducted the research to find out the impact of adverse childhood events, mainly physical and sexual abuse on bipolar disorder. Their hypothesis was, â€Å"the occurrence of these traumatic events early inRead MoreEssay on Bi polar disorder1550 Words   |  7 Pages Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder, however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victimsRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of Bipolar Disorder924 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of Bipolar Disorder At least 2 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder, more commonly known as manic-depression. This illness usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Although it may come into affect at any time, most individuals with the disorder experience their first mood episode in their 20’s. However, manic-depression quite often strike teenagers and has been diagnosed in children under 12. The risk of suicide among personsRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder also known as manic depression has always been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that it can appear in almost everyone. Bipolar disorder causes mood swings in energy, thinking, and other behavior. Having a bipolar disorder can be very disabling (Kapczinski). A study was evaluated and about 1.3% of the U.S population of people suffers from bipolar disorder. Stressors and environmental influences can trigger and cause a person to go through numerous episodes. Bipolar

Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction National and International Perspectives Free Essays

The assignment encompasses the idea of ICT and its role in national and international perspective. ICT integration in Disaster Risk Reduction is a contemporary idea. Disaster losses can be some-fold reduced if it can integrate technologies with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now ICT can serve in a broader scheme when it comes to disaster risk reduction. The motto of this assignment is to narrate ICT’s contribution internationally and compare it with national DRR measures. The data that are used in here are secondary data. Key words: ICT, DRR, National, International. INTRODUCTION Due to the geographic location and geological settings, Bangladesh has to endure several life-threatening catastrophes (Islam et al. 2014). Previous disasters snatched so many valuable lives and destroyed a huge amount of property. In this scenario, it is imperative to think about measures that incorporate technologies in disaster schemes. Access to proper, reliable, timely information assists to a great extent in all phases of a disaster. Without reliable information, people often end up guessing a sketchy situation which leads to an uncertain situation (Wattegama 2014). ICTs have their own advantages that effectively serve in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction (ADPC n.d.). During disaster, receiving proper information becomes one of the basic needs. Proper respond requires correct and timely information dissemination. Thus, technology/ICT can serve in this arena rather than dissemination information manually. Recently, there is a growing awareness regarding incorporating ICT in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). ICT can help in shifting paradigm from conventional to comprehensive (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Current policy recognizes the importance of ICT in DRR; per se, Hyogo Framework for Action (ADPC n.d.). ICT provides the scope for proper coordination, management, relief distribution, search and rescue and so on. Although Bangladesh is a disaster prone country, it has set an example in shifting the paradigm of disaster; where ICT plays a role. ICT has contributed to shape the knowledge regarding disaster, disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). But in spite of having an infrastructural line up, there is no comprehensive system that designates roles and responsibilities among different organizations. PROBLEM STATEMENT Though ICT is a very important tool regarding reduce disaster risk, there are some limitations for which it cannot serve properly. First, there is a severe deficiency of experienced personnel to operate technological sector. Second, a lot of acts are stated but government is reluctant to enact them all. Third, there are not enough backup plans in case of power loss occurs. Because without power, most of the tools will not come in handy. Forth, a mass people are out of reaching the meteorological data, forecasting due to lack of medium. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The assignment is carried out with a view to acknowledging the existing pattern of ICT in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction. With adequate references, it compares national and international scheme of DRR and role of ICT in this regard. As the concern of ICT is increasing with the pace of DRR in present time; it is essential to compare ICT in national DRR with international perspective. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following research questions were taken into account while doing the assignment. These are – What are the current ICT tools that are in use in DRR of Bangladesh and other countries? Is it possible to bring new dimensions in existing DRR pattern of Bangladesh? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives are the following – To get an overview of ICT in DRR in national and international perspective. To suggest some ideas comparing the upper two perspectives. LITERATURE REVIEW Disaster cannot be eliminated totally but the loss due to it can be minimized (Hasan and Ayub 2015). For effective DRR, it needs special attention from all sectors. ICT can help in this regards. It can play a pivotal role for reducing disaster risk. There are some traditional channels and emerging channels to serve in this regard (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh gained its popularity in the sector of Disaster Management for shifting into proactive measures from reactive measures. This was possible due to largely focusing on early warning, preparedness, welfare of people, reducing vulnerabilities and so on. Complexity and uncertainty is a part of eliminating disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). It varies with different context, type, distance, time. So, collecting and analyzing data manually is a comparatively hard job (Yap 2011). There ICT plays a significant role to highlight the risk zones, formulate different simulations to understand about upcoming extreme events. Early warning beforehand a disaster was developed with the help of mobile phone, radio/community radio, television, different software, satellite based data, GIS, remote sensing both nationally and internationally (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Among them radio, television, mobile phone is marked as the most valid tool. Because, hardly all the countries have access to internet as most of them are developing countries. But again they have some drawbacks- if they are switched off; people remain in dark about the upcoming disaster (Yap 2011). Satellite-based communication system can come in handy when ground internet, network is not at work. In Asian region, Thaicom’s IPStar satellite has established for the broadest service network (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh should make the best use out of it during disasters. The Indian Ocean tsunami (December 2004) made the world astonished. There was next to no warning measures and thousands of people were suddenly in front of giant killer waves. In the aftermath of the tsunami, several international meetings have been held and they came to a conclusion. That is to build to Multi Hazard Early Warning System in the regime of South-East Asia. Later Bangladesh also showed interest to this early warning system (Wattegama 2014). Lanka Software Foundation founded free and open source based software named ‘Sahana’. Which helped to find missing person showing electronic bulletin, organized donor organization, keep a virtual record of temporary camp, shelter. So, technology can help immensely when it comes to disaster. A disaster database – ‘DesInventar’; that stores up to 30 years of data helped 17 countries of North and South America. Later, inspired by this Orissa (India) created a database that contains data from 1970s. Again, the India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) is a web-enabled and GIS-based national database that collects and stores information such as different organizational expertise, details of equipment. So that, they can be mobilized quickly in the time of response (Wattegama 2014). A case study shows that during Haiti earthquake in 2010, the distressed people could send a SMS out of cost to the Haitian diaspora community. Then the outside community added location and passed it to different organizations, NGOs to accommodate relief for them. This set an example for two-way communication, which is very much significant during disaster. But this measure is absent from Bangladesh’s disaster scheme (ADPC n.d.). Also, GIS is flourishing platform in DRR for creating baseline information for risk assessments. But due to lack of experts, the sector is remained untouched. In Bangladesh, National ICT Policy was enacted in 2009; and there is a wide range of activities are stated with a view to protect citizens through effective ICT management. It comprises reote sensing technologies for disaster management and mitigation, SMS based disaster warning system, efficient relief management and post-disaster activities monitoring, GIS based systems to monitor flood ; cyclone shelters, GIS based systems to ensure equitable distribution of relief goods and identify hard to reach areas and so on (MSICT 2009). Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (FFWC), Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Institute for Water Modeling (IWM) and other organization work relentlessly in DRR sector with the help of technology in Bangladesh (MSICT 2009). And they are trying to add new dimension in early warning system as a part of disaster risk reduction. RESEARCH GAP Bangladesh is lagged behind when it comes to technological advancement. There is much opportunity to contribution in this section. For example, in the previous section, there is mentioned about the two-way communication system that helped Haitian distressed people. As that is absent from Bangladesh DRR implementation, it could be introduced from a new angle. Two way communications cannot help only during disaster, but also in pre-disaster situation. There could be a free portal/line that would only take suggestions, complaints regarding the existent problem for a specific society. METHODOLOGY The assignment is conducted by reviewing and using secondary sources. The assignment mostly followed the researches, papers, articles where secondary data are used immensely and qualitative in manner. Conceptualization was the first step doing this assignment. A mind map was created while selecting and reviewing the data. The data were collected in the manner that supports the idea of the topic. CONCLUSION ICT is only a tool that can be used for mitigate, preparedness, response purpose. The effect of ICT lies in how it is used for reducing disaster risk. This is the key challenge. Again, most of the disaster prone countries are developing countries. They have little access to internet other than radio, television. In this situation it is difficult to set an ICT-based DRR system. Some governments are also negligent when it comes to incorporate ICT in the national disaster scheme. It is time to realize that ICT is not only a mere tool; actually it can serve in a broader sense for reducing disaster risk and achieving sustainable future. It can be beneficial to all concerned stakeholders, non government- government bodies, donor agencies and more. An all out effort should be made for proper cooperation and coordination, building experts and last but not the least mainstream technology in the existing disaster risk reduction practices. References Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) n.d., ICT for Disaster Risk Management, viewed on 11 October, 2018, link: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/47520_ictfordisasterriskmanagement.pdf Ayo, CK, Adeboye, AB and Gbadeyan JA 2011, Application of ICT to Resource and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86. Hassan, M and Ayub, A 2015,  Role of ICT in natural disaster management of Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).Islam, ARMT, Tasnuva, A, Islam, MT and Haque, MR 2014, Management Approach to Disaster Scenerio in Bangladesh: An Overview, Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 1-7. Ministry of Science and Information ; Communication Technology (MSICT) Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National ICT Policy – 2009, July 2009 Wattegama, C 2014, ICT for disaster management.Yap, NT 2011, Disaster management, developing country communities climate change: The role of ICTs,  Manchester: Report, eds. R, Heeks and A, Ospina for IDRC, Centre for Development Informatics, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. How to cite Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives, Papers

What Is a Mega Event Essay Sample free essay sample

This essay will dig into what Mega Events are described to be and how they are identified by faculty members. This essay shall portray the difference in different types of Mega Events. what all Mega Events have in common utilizing existent life illustrations and chiefly the cardinal elements. Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) states that there are many different illustrations of what an Event is depending on the point of view. it describes the general features of an Event to be impermanent. assemblages of people. frequently ritual shows and are normally alone ; nevertheless Mega Events are described as being events that are on a planetary graduated table ; go forthing behind long footings effects on the topographic point in which it took topographic point and besides for the people that attended. Mega Events are normally every few old ages. for illustration the winter and summer Olympic games are every four old ages. Mega Events can be recognised for non merely the economic impacts but besides t he societal impacts every bit good as the audience scale the Event additions during it. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Mega Event? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The audience of a Mega Event is non merely the figure of attendants but besides the figure of people that watched the Event via other agencies of media. for illustration when the 2012 Olympics in London were running. non merely could people watch it on telecasting but besides the cyberspace. even some wireless Stationss had commentary on was go oning during the 2012 games. In 2006 the FIFA World Cup held in Germany was live on telecasting. although 3. 4 million people watched the game in the bowl ; the cumulative telecasting audience was 26. 3 billion. ( FIFA 2007 ) . Bowdin et Al ( 2001 ) explained that Mega Events will impact whole economic systems and in consequence they are circulated widely in the planetary media. ‘Mega-events’ are large-scale cultural ( including commercial and featuring ) events which have a dramatic character. mass popular entreaty and international significance’ Roche. M. ( 2000 ) . Mega- events and Modernity: Olympics. Expos and the Growth of Global Culture. Abington. Routledge. Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) extended this quotation mark by saying that Mega Events should pull media representatives and viewing audiences from legion states across the universe. Getz ( 2007 ) besides emphasises Bowdin’s statement by adding that Mega Events besides involve touristry. media coverage and besides economic impacts. â€Å"Mega-events. by manner of their size or significance. are those that yield inordinately high degrees of touristry. media coverage. prestigiousness. or economic impact for the host community or destination† ( Getz 1997. p. 6 ) . Getz ( 1997 ) described Mega Events to hold a measureable length and non to be for good settled in topographic point. Mega Events have many cardinal features such as size. planetary audience and the command procedure in common. Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) states Mega Events can be divided into three chief divisions ; cultural. political and featuring Mega Events. The promotion and enlargement of both regional and national civilization is the chief importance of cultural Mega Events. cultural events are based on history and tradition and normally run over a figure of yearss. Political Mega Events are held to discourse schemes on planetary trade. the environment and security. Sporting Mega Events are Events based on athletics. they are the most studied type of event and they continue to turn significantly. Cultural Mega Events open a metropolis to the universe which normally runs over a figure of yearss. World’s Fair or World Expo’s are the most recognized cultural Mega Event. The World Expo’s are considered to be the 3rd largest event in the universe in footings of economic and cultura l impact. after the World Cup and the Olympic Games. Expos were traditionally developed to showcase new innovations and to ease cultural exchange between states. they are besides used to advance take parting states. For illustration. Expo ’92 in Seville was used by Spain to advance itself as a modern and democratic state. Cultural Mega Events focal point on the development and publicity of different states. Since the 1970s Political Mega Events have increased in size with the positive development of globalization. NGOs from the developed and developing universe meet to debate policies on planetary trade. security and the environment. An illustration of a Political Mega Event is the United Nations Climate Change Conference Copenhagen 2009. 15. 000 delegates and 5000 journalists’ attended this event which lasted for 11 yearss in an effort to make a new planetary understanding on the reaction to climate alteration. At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen around 100. 000 dissenters provoked a big and dearly-won constabularies response. However. ?80 million was raised for the local economic system ; the event besides brought together decision-makers and political l eaders with planetary degrees of influence. At a distance 1000000s of other people besides participated through protest ( Bladen et al. 2012 ) . Sporting Mega Events can be described by Roberts ( 2000 ) as he states that the word ‘Mega’ means events must hold the ability to direct promotional messages to one million millions of people via telecasting and other beginnings of the media. 3. 9 billion people was the estimated figure that watched parts the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. and the cumulative Television audience estimation was 40 billion. 35. 000 hours in sum was devoted to its media coverage entirely. The summer and winter Olympic Games that have taken topographic point since 1992. the winter Olympic Games is approximately one?quarter the size of the summer Games in footings of jocks and events and so some might reason that it is non a true ‘mega’ event ( Matheson A ; Baade. 2003 ) . The summer Olympics are every four old ages to day of the month and go on to happen in the same twelvemonth as th e European Football Championships. The winter Olympics occur at the same clip as the FIFA Football World Cup finals and the Commonwealth Games. Within twenty old ages seven new athleticss and 79 events were added to the summer Olympics. Twenty?eight athleticss have featured in the Summer Olympics since 2000. although this figure has been taken down to 26 athleticss due to baseball and playground ball being removed after the 2008 Olympics. From 1998 the FIFA World Cup Finals have expanded from 24 to 32 football squads. Sporting Mega Events are still turning well even if athleticss are being cut from agendas ; they still create a immense screening audience. An illustration of Sporting Mega Events turning in the industry is the summer Olympics in Los Angeles. 1984. 140 states took portion. 6797 jocks competed. and 221 events took topographic point in 23 athleticss by 2004 in Athens 201 states were involved and 11. 099 jocks took portion in 301 events in the 28 Olympic athleticss ( Malfas et al. 2004 ) One ground that explains the addition in featuring Mega Events is with modern engineering more people can watch events like the Olympics for illustration on telecasting now. this creates a immense planetary audience and as more people are watching it. it becomes more popular. Key faculty members suggest that the most of import elements for a Mega Event are: The planning procedure. command procedure. media. public ingestion. political engagement. voluntaries and security. for this essay the focal point will be on how the media portray Events and how the public sees this. Roche ( 2009 ) states that the Olympics are a media event before they are a national event. Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) claim that Mega events have taken off in the industry chiefly due to the media and Mega Events are planetary events. Roche ( 2000 ) explains that the World Expos purpose has ever been to showcase planetary civilization and with the rise of new media it has created competition for their targeted audience. He so stated that Mega Events such as the Olympic Games without any inquiry do measure up as illustrations of ‘media-events’ and that they have besides taken off in the industry due to media beginnings. The Olympic Games created a really big media presenc e. Individual journalists and media companies were given permission to describe whilst the Games were unrecorded and besides they were given entree to countries that were constructed for them to stop up straight into the planetary media webs. Web logs and other signifiers of societal media for illustration chirrup were besides used to advance the Olympics. Television and other signifiers of media were used to portray the event worldwide. Billings ( 2010 ) examined the difference between media for masculine and feminine sporting activities and stated that the linguistic communication used by telecasters for male jocks is higher than for female jocks. The writer argued that merely sex appropriate athleticss are shown on telecasting for premier clip broadcast medium. for illustration. swimming. path and field events. He stated that female jocks are chiefly criticised and judged about their heterosexual entreaty. while male jocks are judged on their accomplishments and bravery. both male and female contestants should be judged and spoken about via the media on the same subject. that subject being their accomplishments and bravery. non how they look. Whilst the media normally portray great things about the Olympics to derive a wider audience. the media can besides make a negative mentality on the event non merely about how contestants may non hold done every bit good as predicted but besides about the manner they look. The media is aimed at the populace to do them desire to read more about the Olympics for illustration and to do the populace want to acquire involved and watch it. Ovide and Stewart ( 2012 ) found out that during the g ap ceremonial of the 2012 Olympics. chirrup was one of the top media networking systems used. 9. 66 million tweets were sent by people worldwide. and during the Games Usain Bolt won both the 200m and 100m spirit making over 80. 000 tweets per minute. The public feel as though they can link with the contestants when they tweet as many of the contestants have twitter excessively. As Ovide and Stewart ( 2012 ) province that chirrup has decidedly enhanced the relationship between the populace and rivals. leting jocks to go much more similar famous persons. it besides helps to construct relationships either from the broadcaster to viewer or from the jock to supporter/viewer. However every bit great as this may sound many people feel as though they have the right to compose hurtful messages to the jocks. and jocks besides think they can compose violative messages and acquire off with it. two jocks. Greece’s Paraskevi Papachristou and Switzerland’s Michel Morganella. were booted out of the Olympics for violative remarks on Twitter. The media is seen by the populace as a manner of publicity nevertheless a few jocks were forced to take remarks on societal networking sites about the trade name of their footwear. as these trad e names were non patrons of the Games in 2012. Mega Events do more than merely publicize and host an event ; they build a bequest stated by Kearney ( 2005 ) . Chappellet ( 2000 ) said that aim should non be to present a immense Event because giantism can be viewed as a menace. but to present an Event that is more alone and particular leaves a permanent grade in the history of Events. There are many impacts created from an Event. they can be both positive and negative. Preuss ( 2007 ) supports this. Positive experiences can go forth positive impacts. they can do a individual feel satisfaction towards the Event. positive impacts may go forth a individual experiencing felicity. their attitude may alter towards other Events similar in the industry or even other events in general. A positive impact can be made from event perceptual experiences being met or even crush. Along with the positive experiences and impacts there are besides negative experiences and they can make impacts such as a loss in hope. deficiency of satisfaction towards Events this may be due to a failure to run into outlooks or the outlooks could hold been set to high. as described by Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) . This essay has shown that although Mega Events have many similar features they are besides different in many ways. Mega Events cover a broad scope of Events such as Sporting Events and besides Cultural Events. nevertheless each type of Event besides has many different cardinal elements and impacts involved as n o two events can be precisely the same. This essay has chiefly looked at how media can advance an event and do it much bigger than if media was non used. Media can assist an event become planetary and is necessary for most Mega Events. Mentions Bladen. C. And Kennell. J. And Abson. E. And Wilde. N. ( 2012 ) . Events Management An Introduction. Routledge. USA. Bowdin. G. And Allen. J. And O’Toole. W. And Harris. R. And McDonnell. I. ( 2010 ) Events Management. ( 3rd edition ) . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bowdin. G. And Allen. J. And O’Toole. W. And Harris. R. And McDonnell. I. ( 2006 ) Events Management. ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Boyle. P. And Haggerty. K. ( 2009 ) . Dramatic Security: Mega-events and Security Complex. InternationalPolictical Socioology. 3 ( 3 ) : 257-274 Chatziefstathiou. D. ( 2012 ) . ‘Olympic Education and Beyond’ . Educational Review. 64. ( 3 ) . 385-400. FIFA ( 2002 ) 41. 100 hours of 2002 FIFA World Cup Television Coverage in 213 States [ online. Available at: hhtp: ? ? World Wide Web. fifa. com/newscentre/news/newsid=84258. hypertext markup language. Accessed 26 October 2011. Getz. D. ( 2007 ) Event Studies. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Hiller. H . ( 1998 ) . ‘Assessing the impact of Mega Events’ . Tourism. 1. 47-57. Horne. J. ( 2007 ) . ’The four knowns of Sports Mega Events’ . Leisure Studies. 26. ( 1 ) . 81-96. Horne. J. ( 2010 ) . ‘Leisure. Culture and the Olympic Games’ . Leisure surveies. 29. ( 3 ) . 35-340. Horne. J. ( 2012 ) . ‘Leisure. Culture and the Olympic Games’ . Leisure surveies. 31. ( 3 ) . 261-269. Horne. J. And Manzenreiter. W. ( 2006 ) . ‘An debut to the Sociology of Sports Mega Events’ . Sociological Review. 54. ( 2 ) : 1-24. Jobber. D. ( 2004 ) . Principles and Practice of Marketing. McGraw-Hill International. UK. Kotler. P. And Bowen. J. And Makens. J. ( 1999 ) . Selling and Hospitality and Tourism. ( 2nd edition ) . Upper Sadler River. NJ. Prentice Hall International. Preuss. H. ( 2007 ) . ‘The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sports Event Legacies’ . Sports and Tourism. 12. ( 3-4 ) . 207-228. Roche. M. ( 2000 ) . M ega- events and Modernity: Olympics. Expos and the Growth of Global Culture. Abington. Routledge. Wong. D. ( 2012 ) . ‘The Olympics: The basics’ . leisure surveies. 31. ( 3 ) . 373-375.

United Parcel Services E

Executive summary Two teenagers, Jim Ryan and Claude Casey started the United Parcel Services in a small basement office. They promised the best services at the lowest rates. The two teenagers successfully came up with a company that is a world leader in package delivery. Despite the stiff competition from FedEx and Airborne Express, UPS has invested in has invested heavily in information technology to beat its competitors.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United Parcel Services E-Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current figures suggest that UPS spends over 1 billion shillings to maintain high levels of customer service. Moreover, they ensure that the costs of package delivery are kept low. UPS has adopted the use of technology to ensure that the business remains highly competitive in the market. Body A strategy is a plan of various activities in an organization, undertaken by management with an aim of achieving organizational goals and objectives. Firms adopt different strategies to ensure that they can survive in a competitive market. Strategic process allows managers to align the organization to the new plans (Porter, 1996). Businesses analyse both the internal and external structures to ensure that they can meet challenges presented by the market. Business strategy must conform to the long-term issues that determine the success of the entity (Carr, 2003). United Package Services’ adoption of an e-strategy presented the company with merits over that of their competitors. Among the benefits derived from adoption of an e-strategy are lower costs of operation, competitive advantage, and employee motivation. From the article, it can be deduced that by using e-strategy, UPS managed to cut the delivery costs. Delivery trucks cut the mileage by 28 million through use of an automated system that gave the drivers shorter route to their destination. This has saved the company 3 million gallons of fuel thus reducing the costs of purchasing fuel. Moreover, proper training of staff ensured that the company reduced its operational costs. Cutting the operational costs made it easier for UPS to offer customers mail delivery services at cheaper rates than their competitors. Cost reductions have enabled UPS to maintain a competitive edge in the market. Therefore, the management of UPS has benefited from the e-strategy by meeting their long-term goal of providing the best services at the lowest rates.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, adoption of the e-strategy has enabled the company to achieve long-term benefit of improving employee conditions. Drivers in the company are trained to use 340 methods that improve performance. The drivers are equipped with hand held computers that enable them to perform their tasks effectively and efficiently . When Jim Ryan and Claude Casey started the United Parcel Services their main objective was to provide the best services at the lowest rates. Adoption of the e-strategy ensured that the company was able to meet this objective. UPS continues to maintain quality services by adopting a 1 billion dollar strategy. This strategy enables the company to cut their operational costs. In turn the company transfers the benefit of lower costs to their customers in terms of low prices and quality services. Using a SWOT analysis, the impacts of the e-strategy can be determined (Overby, 2011). One of the strengths of UPS Company is that it has maintained a competitive advantage in the market over the years. This shows that adoption of the e-strategy strengthened the position of UPS as a market leader. The weakness associated with adoption of the e-strategy is the cost of adoption. UPS uses over 1 billion dollars a year to maintain quality customer services. This means that even though the e-strate gy is successful, the cost of its implementation is still extremely high. Opportunities associated with the e-strategy include an increased market share. Adoption of the e-strategy enabled UPS to increase its market share. The company has a market share that enables them to deliver over 15 million packages a day in the current market. This is a considerable increase compared to the early pioneer stage when Ryan and Casey started the company. Another impact of the e-strategy is that it led to adoption of new technology. This technology has ensured that the staff operates efficiently and effectively, especially the drivers. However, the technology adopted is being threatened by the arrival of the Global Positioning System (GPS). Currently manufacturers of cars and phones have incorporated the option of a GPS to be used in finding routes free of charge.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United Parcel Services E-Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internally, adoption of the e- strategy has led to the company training their employees on use of different technology. Drivers have been trained on 340 methods that would optimize their performance. Moreover, the e-strategy has improved the employee working conditions by providing them with equipment that increases efficiency such as the DIAD. Therefore, it can be said that adoption of the e-strategy by the company has ensured that the company aligns to the objectives set by the founders The UPS e-strategy goals include ensuring that costs are minimized, increasing efficiency, and ensuring that the package delivery system works smoothly. The UPS strategy is to incorporate technology that minimizes the costs of operation while ensuring quality services are provided to the customer at cheaper rates. The goals of the e strategy can be aligned to the UPS strategy by ensuring that the implementation of the e-strategy is performed by competent pe rsonnel. The management of UPS took the liberty of training their drivers in 340 methods developed by engineers in order to optimize performance (Laudon and Laudon, 2011). This shows one method that the company used to align the strategy goal with UPS strategies. In addition to this, the company provided the drivers with DIAD that they used when deciding the routes. This shows that the management ensured that objectives of the e-strategy of minimizing cost and increasing were aligned to the strategy of the company that involved incorporating technology that minimized cost while ensuring customer needs were addressed. Another way of aligning the e-strategy to the UPS is by consultation. Management determines the long-term goals of the company and then communicates these goals to the company’s staff. After consultation management have a general idea of what the employees are willing to accept and what they are not willing to accept. Moreover, the consultations provide managemen t with weaknesses in their system.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scenario planning may be used after consultations to ensure that all the possible weaknesses in the goals of the e-strategy are eliminated (Laudon and Laudon, 2011). Consultation when used ensures that the company can align the goals of the strategy to the goals of the company. Recommendation Personal recommendation to the UPS is that they should eliminate some of the costs incurred in adopting technology similar to GPS that is now available in most cars and smart phones for free Conclusion UPS adopted e-strategy to ensure that they remained highly competitive in the market. This strategy has been successful and ensured the company still remains a leader in the package delivery industry despite the fact that they have competition from FedEx and Airborne Express. References Carr, N. 2003, ‘IT Doesn’t Matter’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 81 No. 5, pp. 41-49. Laudon, K. Laudon, J. 2011, Management Information Systems, Prentice Hall,  Upper Sadle. Overby, S. 201 1, IT Value is Dead. Long Live Business Value. Web. Porter, M. 1996, ‘What Is Strategy?’, Harvard Business Review, Vol74 No. 6, pp. 61-78. This case study on United Parcel Services E-Strategy was written and submitted by user W1ldPack to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Great College Application Essay 7 Questions to Ask Yourself

How to Write a Great College Application Essay 7 Questions to Ask Yourself 7 Questions to Ensure You Write a Great College Application Essay There’s big news in the college admissions world: Many colleges are no longer requiring the SAT or ACT essay as a component of the college application! This month, Princeton and Stanford joined a growing list of schools (including Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, and the University of Chicago) who have dropped the SAT/ACT essay requirement. Brown University is the only Ivy League college still requiring a score, along with non-Ivies like Duke and the University of California. While applicants are still highly encouraged to submit an essay score, if they don’t, their writing skill will be assessed in other ways.* How will colleges assess students’ writing ability? Some schools will count on the multiple-choice part of the tests which assesses writing skills on some level. But no multiple-choice exam can test how a student puts ideas together, or how they use language creatively. Princeton now requires a graded writing sample from a high school class (preferably English or history), which is definitely a measure of a student’s ability to write. But it’s the only school as of now that does so. What’s left? To me, it seems intuitive that the application essay will hold more weight than ever before. Here’s a clip of my WBBM radio interview on that topic – High School Seniors: Brace for Big College Application Changes: What makes a great college application essay? Rumors abound as to what makes a good essay topic and what topics should be off limits. I hear often, for instance, that students should never write about sports. That’s simply not true. There are effective ways to write about sports and ineffective ways to write about sports. No, we don’t want to read a play-by-play of a football game in 650 characters. But leadership growth can be a great topic, as can relationship building or coming back from an injury or other challenge. You just need to be self-aware and creative in your presentation. The fact is, there are no good or bad essay topics in themselves. There are only good or bad essays. Harry Bauld hammers this point home in his book, On Writing the College Application Essay: Secrets of a former Ivy League Admissions Officer. How do you know which category your essay falls into – the good or the bad? Here are seven questions you can ask yourself to see if your essay will fall into the â€Å"good essay† category, regardless of the root topic: Am I using most of my 650 characters to talk about myself (good)? Or am I defaulting to explaining some topic or describing someone else (bad)? Am I telling a true story of how I’ve grown (good)? Or am I bending the truth to sound good (bad)? Am I using clear, persuasive language (good)? Or am I using overly flowery language to try to sound like a good writer (bad)? Am I using mostly active voice (good)? Or is my essay written mostly in passive voice (bad)? When I read my essay aloud, does it sound natural and compelling (good)? Or am I tripping over the words or getting bored (bad)? Did I give good thought to the conclusion (good)? Or did I rush it because I was running out of space (bad)? Does the conclusion build on the opening (good)? Or does it sound like a disconnected wrap-up (bad)? Do all the things in the first half of those seven questions, and you’ll be on the road to a great college application essay. And what about the topic? If you’re applying to college in the fall, start thinking about your essay topics now – and be aware of these seven questions and possible pitfalls. The application essay has never been as important as it is now. The Essay Expert is here to support you in writing a great college application essay on a great topic! Contact us  to find out how. *  This change was implemented because many states and school systems pay for their students to take the SAT or ACT – and since the essay adds up to $17 per student to the price tag, many students dont have that option. They would have to sign up and pay to take the test on their own.

Learn About Greenland

Learn About Greenland Since the eighteenth century, Greenland has been a territory controlled by Denmark. In recent years, however, Greenland has regained a considerable level of autonomy from Denmark. Greenland as a Colony Greenland first became a colony of Denmark in 1775. In 1953, Greenland was established as a province of Denmark. In 1979, Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark. Six years later, Greenland left the European Economic Community (the forerunner of the European Union) in order to keep its fishing grounds from European rules. About 50,000 of Greenlands 57,000 residents are indigenous Inuit. Greenlands Independence From Denmark It wasnt until 2008 that Greenlands citizens voted in a non-binding referendum for increased independence from Denmark. In a vote of over 75% in favor, Greenlanders voted to reduce their involvement with Denmark. With the referendum, Greenland voted to take control of law enforcement, the justice system, coast guard, and to share more equality in oil revenue. The official language of Greenland also changed to Greenlandic (also known as Kalaallisut). This change to a more independent Greenland officially took place in June 2009, the 30th anniversary of Greenlands home rule in 1979. Greenland maintains some independent treaties and foreign relations. However, Denmark retains ultimate control of foreign affairs and defense of Greenland. Ultimately, while Greenland now maintains a great deal of autonomy, it is not yet a fully independent country. Here are the eight requirements for independent country status with regard to Greenland: Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries: yes Has people who live there on an ongoing basis: yes Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money: mostly, although the currency is the Danish kroner and some trade agreements remain the purview of DenmarkHas the power of social engineering, such as education: yes Has a transportation system for moving goods and people: yes Has a government which provides public services and police power: yes, although defense remains Denmarks responsibilityHas sovereignty. No other state should have power over the countrys territory: no Has external recognition. A country has been voted into the club by other countries: no Greenland reserves the right to seek complete independence from Denmark but experts currently expect that such a move is in the distant future. Greenland will need to try on this new role of increased autonomy for a few years before moving to the next step on the road to independence from Denmark.

What does it mean to act morally Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What does it mean to act morally - Term Paper Example The proposed model adopts theories of Psychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism but it is largely based on the Buddhist philosophy of enlightenment. Analysis on Existing Theories of Moral Philosophy Sense of â€Å"morality† occurs naturally in human mind. Pursuing private benefits and ignoring the wellbeing of other living beings are also natural human behaviors. Conflicting mortal forces of â€Å"morality† and â€Å"immorality† are responsible for a great amount of literature in the human history. Lord Buddha taught 2600 years ago that correctly comprehending these forces is the path way to the ultimate freedom of humans. Theology play a vital role in moral philosophy. However the divine command theory is inefficient in describing the religion lead morality. It acknowledges the significance of religion in moral philosophy. But it is based on a rather ambiguous presumption i.e. â€Å"there exists a God†. Accordingly God defines what is good and what is bad. Approximately 2500 years ago Plato questioned: â€Å"is something right (or wrong) because the gods command it, or do the gods commands it because it is right?† Religion lead morality had been much easier to widely implement during the pre-industrial revolution. In the history fear and faith towards religious abstracts kept humans from acting upon immoral desires. ... Thus the divine command theory is not an efficient approach for contemporary moral philosophy. Psychology is acknowledged as a vital component in moral philosophy. There are many theories advocated by the psychologists relating to the moral judgment example: Piaget’s â€Å"genetic Epistemology† and Haidt’s â€Å"social-intuitionist† theory (Bucciarelli et. al., 2008). Piaget, 1975, described the cognitive development process of children in terms of their biological makeup and psychological process involving adaptation and organization. When a new situation is presented to a child it becomes assimilated and accommodated in memory. These two processes jointly results in adaptation to the new situation. Creating structures of related and interconnected information is a natural process occurring in human minds (known as organization in Piaget’s theory). Thus when the same situation is presented repeatedly child reacts according to what is already been a ssimilated and accommodated. According to Piaget’s theory logical reasoning is the aftermath of adaptation and organization. Haidt, 1978, described â€Å"immediate intuition† as the judicable basis for identifying what is right and what is wrong. Haidt’s theory postulates that conscious reasoning of humans is not effective for identifying what is right or wrong. Alternatively it is vital for influencing the actions of others. Haidt’s theory defines immediate intuition as â€Å"the sudden appearance in consciousness of a moral judgment, including an affective valence (good-bad, like-dislike), without any conscious awareness of having gone through steps of searching, weighing evidence, or inferring a conclusion† (Haidt, 2001, p. 818). Limitation of Haidt’s above definition is discussed in the

Writing about Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing about Setting - Essay Example Still, the notion of peace hits the mind of human living in the 21st century because of violent mindsets, mental maps and schemata. The peace can only be attained with the assistance of peaceful mindset and the peaceful mindset can be translated practically in the virtues of patience and attainment of knowledge (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. The writer created all of the characters including Captain Black and his fellow crewmen so that he can create an image of peace to satisfy his own personal and private need to taste the notion and the concept of peace and tranquility. The writer seeks refuge in literary world because the real one is messed up. The story convey nothing less and nothing more than the conceiver’s urge to have peace in this world and he took support of Mars to communicate, design and develop a peaceful human culture. The story always leads back to the writer and I believe that conceiver of this one is a pained, enlightened and disturbed human on the basic and fundamental level. The story evolves and thrives on the surprise level of Captain and his crew that they had experienced when visiting the Mars (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. They perceived the planet as barren and a ball of dust. But, to their surprise, what they found was full of life. The life on Mars was enjoyable, enviable and felt like a dream. The next generation of humanity did not expect the presence of such a peaceful and quiet place after studying the history of their ancestral national, racial and regional conflicts that triggered horrific wars (Bradbury, Mars is Heaven).. The Captain felt agony and distastefulness because of the unnerving situation. But, his archeologist thought for a moment and the moment’s thought was sufficient to know what is going on. The archeologist theorized that few of the humans hated war and therefore, they left the Earth so that they find peace and patience in the

Traveling Back In Time Essay Example for Free

Traveling Back In Time Essay If there was such a thing as time machine and I could be allowed to travel to any historic epoch as an observer, I would, probably, choose to go million years back, to prehistoric times and Stonehenge. Since my childhood I have been interested in archaeology, early human life and culture, that is why I would not be able to miss this opportunity to see everything I know about prehistoric era with my own eyes. First of all, I would like to see ancient animals, which have now vanished from the earth, including different small and enormous dinosaurs, archaic reptiles-plesiosauruses or flying pterosaurs with huge beaks. It would be absolutely awesome to observe these creatures, along with other elements of ancient flora and fauna, like prehistoric insects or plants, which I had seen before only in books or archaeological museums. Unfortunately, I suppose that it would be almost impossible for me to come into contact and somehow interact with ancient people. But it would be very exciting to take a good look at their life and to learn more about it from own observations. I wonder, how they lived without any industry and manufacturing, government and money, and managed to remain in total harmony with nature, taking from it everything they needed to survive. Finally, I would really love to see, what our mother nature in its absolute purity was like. I can imagine heavy wet smell of air overfilling the body with unbelievable freshness and lightness. Water in rivers must be crystal clean and very tasty. I would try some chemicals-free fruit and enjoy tall emerald-green plants.   After living in our polluted air and trashed environment, this touch of natural beauty would be a miracle, I guess. Certainly, it would be extremely interesting to use time-machine for traveling to the future as well. But what if those horrible things about the future, which they are showing in science fiction movies like The Matrix, will become true? What if artificial intelligence will really become rebellious against the humankind? What will be going on with our nature? Frankly speaking, I would prefer to remain optimistic about the future of people on earth†¦ Bibliography:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wagner, Stephen. Time Travellers. About: Paranormal Phenomena. Ed. About Inc., A part of The New York Times Company. 03 Mar. 2007 http://paranormal.about.com/library/weekly/aa040802a.htm.

Redemption in The Story of B Essay -- Story

Redemption in The Story of B The Story of B portrays the spirit of revolutionary thinking through several people who originate at opposite ends of culture and discover a common cause which unites them in a single purpose. Concern for the destiny of mankind impels one man to "brace an entire culture". This man, dubbed "B" for blasphemer by the society he seeks to save, devotes his life to the instructing of selected intellectuals to fulfill the redemption of man. B, a man "bound to be killed"(114), faces rioters to deliver his message of salvation and destiny to a Catholic priest whose superiors sent him to spy on B. Daniel Quinn's reveals his philosophical insight into the future of the world through the explanation of society's history and the revelation of a choice which threatens to bring chaos upon everyone. When Jared Osborne, a Roman Catholic priest encounters B, the revolutionary genius his superiors sent him to intercept, he loses his sense of purpose and becomes entangled in the intellectual drama which surround this rebellious prophet. While continuing his reports to the Church from B's headquarters in Radenau, Germany, Jared discovers an awful truth which forever alters his outlook on the world. In consorting with the man charged by the Church with blasphemy, Osborne risks losing his entire lifestyle by excommunication. Even this punishment cannot dissuade him, for though his loyalty remains with the Church, B's message overrides this standing allegiance with its urgency. Jared claims this makes him "not a very good priest"(3), but he eventually ceases to care whether or not he can return to his former station in life. This occurs gradually as he uncovers secrets of man's history which disillusion his belief... ...an equally rapid geographical expansion that obliterated all other lifestyles in its path"(248). B foretells the future of mankind as a grim prospect should we not alter our lifestyle. He predicts that since our planet can only support a limited amount of people, we will soon run out of space and food. This occurs, according to B, because totalitarian agriculture produces a surplus of food, which in turn increases population. The elegance of truth flows through his lessons to show how our culture began on its route to destruction. This journey continued even when we discovered the possibility that our society could survive as a Leaver culture. Fortunately, B's message also provides hope for society. Daniel Quinn suggests that though it may prove difficult, "We don't have to change HUMANKIND in order to survive. We only have to change a single culture."(255) Redemption in The Story of B Essay -- Story Redemption in The Story of B The Story of B portrays the spirit of revolutionary thinking through several people who originate at opposite ends of culture and discover a common cause which unites them in a single purpose. Concern for the destiny of mankind impels one man to "brace an entire culture". This man, dubbed "B" for blasphemer by the society he seeks to save, devotes his life to the instructing of selected intellectuals to fulfill the redemption of man. B, a man "bound to be killed"(114), faces rioters to deliver his message of salvation and destiny to a Catholic priest whose superiors sent him to spy on B. Daniel Quinn's reveals his philosophical insight into the future of the world through the explanation of society's history and the revelation of a choice which threatens to bring chaos upon everyone. When Jared Osborne, a Roman Catholic priest encounters B, the revolutionary genius his superiors sent him to intercept, he loses his sense of purpose and becomes entangled in the intellectual drama which surround this rebellious prophet. While continuing his reports to the Church from B's headquarters in Radenau, Germany, Jared discovers an awful truth which forever alters his outlook on the world. In consorting with the man charged by the Church with blasphemy, Osborne risks losing his entire lifestyle by excommunication. Even this punishment cannot dissuade him, for though his loyalty remains with the Church, B's message overrides this standing allegiance with its urgency. Jared claims this makes him "not a very good priest"(3), but he eventually ceases to care whether or not he can return to his former station in life. This occurs gradually as he uncovers secrets of man's history which disillusion his belief... ...an equally rapid geographical expansion that obliterated all other lifestyles in its path"(248). B foretells the future of mankind as a grim prospect should we not alter our lifestyle. He predicts that since our planet can only support a limited amount of people, we will soon run out of space and food. This occurs, according to B, because totalitarian agriculture produces a surplus of food, which in turn increases population. The elegance of truth flows through his lessons to show how our culture began on its route to destruction. This journey continued even when we discovered the possibility that our society could survive as a Leaver culture. Fortunately, B's message also provides hope for society. Daniel Quinn suggests that though it may prove difficult, "We don't have to change HUMANKIND in order to survive. We only have to change a single culture."(255)

Debut Albums and Champion

That's right, and you need to remember that all through this game I will conquer what has not been conquered Defeat will not be in my creed I will believe what others have doubted I will always endeavor to pull esteem, honor, and respect out of my team I have rained my mind and my body will follow I will acknowledge the fact that my opponent does not expect me to win But I will never surrender Weakness will not be in my heart I will look to my comrades and to those who are a part of me in this world and those who have trained me And I will draw strength from them I will gladly go out into the field of battleAnd I will move in everything I can do And I will reach my field of battle by any means at my disposal And when I get there, I will arrive violently I will rip the heart from my enemy, and leave it bleeding on the ground Because he annot stop me To my side I have comrades, comrades that have been with me through thick and thin Who have sacrificed their blood, sweat and tears Never will I let them fall, never will I let them down, and I will never leave an enemy behind Because our opponent does not know my heart No one will deny me, no one will define me And no one will tell me who and what I am and can be Belief will change my world It has moved continents, it has moved countries, it has put men on the moon And it will carry me through this battle I don't understand those definitions I don't understand when things go wrong I don't understand mistakes But I do understand this: I understand victory, And I understand never surrendering No matter how bad things go my heart and my mind will carry my body through limits and weakness Who am l? IToday will be that day Not tomorrow, not next week, but right now, right here In your house and in your homes History will remember me I will not let worrying affect my cause I will define myself I will write my own pages And no one will tell me what I cannot be I will never give up Not until IVe given everything I got Becau se who am l? I AM A CHAMPION! The speech â€Å"I Am a Champion† by coach Flowers is an example of a strong voice. When he is attempting to pump up his players, his voice is extremely firm. He uses good diction like the word â€Å"bestowed† because he wants to be clear to his players so they know what his point is and what he is trying to portray. Also, he doesn't stutter or use the word â€Å"like† at all during his speech.He wouldn't use this voice to his elders or co-workers because they would think he is yelling at them or being rude. He only uses this to his players because he is encouraging them to play their hardest and go out there and win the championship. He also knows that they will listen to him because he is the one that taught them everything and he determines how good they will play. Coach Flowers also does not stutter or use â€Å"like† one time in his speech. This shows that he is prepared and he knows what he is talking about. A Strong vo ice is determined by all of those factors that I described and I believe that coach Flowers does have a strong voice.

Of mice and men theme power Essay

By examining the relationship between the protagonist geroge and lennie , and the relationship between curly and his wife, this response will attempt to argue that indeed the only power others have over us , is the power we give them. this response will also attempt to examine techniques and description to make and shape meaning in the world of this novel. How Power is Presented in Of Mice and Men The theme of power in Of Mice and Men is presented by Steinbeck in a variety of ways, including characterisation, dialogue and imagery. The main themes of power in the novella include physical power, seduction and the power of hierarchy. The theme of physical power is mainly represented through the character Lennie. The power of seduction is shown through Curley’s wife. Whereas the power of hierarchy is portrayed through the Boss, Slim and Curly. In the novella Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck presents physical power through the character Lennie Small. Lennie is a huge character, with immense physical strength. We can deduce this, from the opening description â€Å"A huge man† . The description here has foreshadowed Lennie’s physical stature and strength. His physical power, is a recurring theme throughout the novella. It is again shown, when George talks to Slim about his previous life with Lennie, â€Å"coulda bust every bone in my body†. Here through the use of dialogue, the reader is shown the physical power Lennie has over George. It is ironic, that even though Lennie has the advantage of physical power. George is the more dominant one. We can see this, by the way George reprimands Lennie for disobeying instructions, â€Å"you wasn’t gonna say a word†. This dialogue, foreshadows Lennie’s lack of mental power, to follow George’s instructions. Curley, The Boss and George are all connected because they have power over someone. In the Novella, The boss is in control of everything. Also he answers to no one. â€Å"Hey, what’s your stake in this guy†. This dialogue is between George and The Boss, he is questioning George on his power over Lennie. This quote shows that he can control who works for him and who doesn’t. He can fire someone just be cause he doesn’t  like them.

Medicine And Human Welfare Essays

Medicine And Human Welfare Essays Medicine And Human Welfare Paper Medicine And Human Welfare Paper Maimonides (1135-1204), Jewish philosopher and physician, born in Cordoba, Spain. He was also known as Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, or, from the initials of his name, Rambam. Following the capture of Cordoba in 1148 by the Almohads, who imposed Islam on Christians and Jews alike, Maimonidess family decided to emigrate. After years of wandering they finally settled in Cairo. There Maimonides eventually became the chief rabbi of Cairo and physician to Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria. The contributions of Maimonides to the Medicine and human welfare. Humanitarian aid is almost always political. Its governments and organizations with clear political agendas who dispense most humanitarian funds. A close look at foreign aid indicates that the self-interest of the donor rather than altruism usually motivates such programs. The French directed economic aid, primarily to former African colonies, for years in order to further a Francophone community. Meanwhile, European aid programs to the Palestinians are a way to exercise a diplomatic role in a conflict in which most of the shots are called by the Americans. FOREIGN AID is seen as buying influence. While establishing a clear connection between economic dependence and political compliance is problematic, such a link is on the minds of decision makers. Secondly, decisions on financial aid are hardly based on a meticulous comparative analysis of the respective needs of various hard-hit groups around the globe. Aid programs are only minimally related to an objective evaluation of the economic situation of potential recipients. Simply put, it is not the poorest that get the most money. For example, Palestinians receive substantially larger amounts of money per capita than do far more destitute populations in Africa the Sudan, for instance. There are many countries whose populations suffer far more than do the Palestinian Arabs on such key indices as life expectancy and average caloric intake. Thirdly, rendering financial aid strengthens the donor political organizations and states dispensing it. This is precisely why several European states toy with the idea of sending money directly to Mahmoud Abbas, representing the good guys, rather than to Hamas, perceived (for the time being) as the bad guys. The fact that Abbas chaired a corrupt and inept government seems irrelevant. FOURTHLY, there is the CNN effect, which is responsible for eliciting a significant portion of the humanitarian aid provided. Disasters that attract the attention of the media for extended periods are inevitably viewed as good tools for public diplomacy. Such disasters are capitalized upon to announce generous offers of foreign aid (not always fully delivered) in order to enhance national reputations. The Palestinians, now partly under economic siege, have a clear interest in playing up the idea that they face a humanitarian disaster. Its a way to overcome political obstacles and speed up delayed financial contributions. Of course, generous donations (usually from Western states) do not always reach the intended recipients. Some leaders in the less-developed world are ingenious at siphoning aid away from those who truly need it. Many top-ranking Palestinians have enjoyed the fruits of the donors gullibility. Moreover, in war-torn societies it is the guys with the guns who usually end up with the food supplies and other goodies provided by well- intentioned foreigners. Food and medicines sent to the Palestinians will invariably end up in the hands of the armed militias. THE PAVLOVIAN response of sending money to societies unable to put their houses in order must therefore be questioned. Maimonides, the great Jewish scholar of the 11th century, established a clear hierarchy of philanthropic acts. In his view, the most valuable philanthropic deed involves aid directed at enabling the recipient to become economically independent. His insight is validated by the history of humanitarian aid in the past century, which shows that outside economic aid is only as good as the ability of a recipients economy and government to use it prudently and productively. Thus it is not at all clear that sending more money to the dysfunctional Palestinian economy will do any good. After all, millions of euros transferred to the PA since the 1993 Oslo Accords have been squandered and misused. Indeed, the Palestinian arena provides a telling example of an utterly dysfunctional welfare institution, UNRWA, whose stated goal is to set the Palestinian refugees on the road to self-reliance and sustainable human development. The expectation that UNRWA will help the refugees rebuild their lives and stop living on charity remains unfulfilled. Surprisingly, according to the organizations own figures, the number of refugees has grown, from hundreds of thousands in 1948 to over 4 million in 2004. These numbers indicate a colossal failure on part of UNRWA to turn the refugees into self-reliant individuals. We know that welfare can be addictive. In the case of UNRWA, its activities have created a multi-generational dependence. UNRWA has, in fact, become the main tool for not solving the refugee issue. UNRWA has subordinated the welfare of the people it is supposed to be helping to the political needs of Israels enemies by ensuring that the refugees stay addicted to foreign welfare. In the final analysis, humanitarian aid should be dispensed judiciously, while making sure that it does not preserve poverty and dependence. Addiction can be treated in several ways. Cold turkey is one approach, and the Palestinians should be induced to try it. REFRENCES GILBERT MURRAY, W. R. INGE, J. BURNET, SIR T. L. HEATH, D’ARCY W. THOMPSON, CHARLES SINGER, R. W. LIVINGSTON, A. TOYNBEE, A. E. ZIMMERN, PERCY GARDNER, SIR REGINALD BLOMFIELD

Career Goals : A Hospital Executive Director

When hiring a CEO for the hospital, it is imperative that the board’s selection process contains depth. To add additional depth to Mr. Bain’s selection process, I will submit to the board that we should implement additional screening measures. First, thorough reference checks would augment the board’s efforts towards determining if Mr. Bain is the ideal CEO candidate for the hospital. Second, an exhaustive background check is critical to ensure Mr. Bain’s history is conducive with the hospital’s†¦ office or the hospital for a simple sonogram and wondered wow that’s really cool? Have you ever been so fascinated with the entire experience that you wanted to research and find out more information? Or, maybe you weren’t fascinated at all because you didn’t understand the process and what was going on. Well, I have been on both sides of the fence and the more information that I can find the more fascinated I am. I look forward to sharing it all with you as well as my future career goals. Throughout†¦ Career Goal Rough Draft My overall goal is to become a RN while obtaining my BSN and have a career at in the neonatal or pediatric field. I believe time management, hard work, dedication and the desire to succeed are important keys to success. My 3 goals to reach to accomplish my overall goal are to obtain my associate degree in nursing at TCC, seek and gain employment at a hospital and finally to apply and complete the RN-BSN program at UTA. My first goal, obtain associate degree in nursing at†¦ Kate Guzman, RN, MS, is the Associate Director of the Corner Health Center in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Originally a small clinic in the corner of a local high school, the Corner is now a freestanding school-linked health center, serving adolescents ages 12-25 and offers a full range of primary health care, mental health and supportive services. The Corner’s mission is to help young people make healthy choices now and in the future by providing high-quality primary health care, education and support for†¦ would have been my highest goal and accomplishment. That was two years ago, my current goals and ambitions are to not only attend UCLA but to graduate Nursing school with at least my masters in nursing. I realized settling for third best or even second best was not good enough anymore, in order to excel in college and perform my best in my undergraduates study I need to be determined, focused, and goal oriented. Getting into UCLA and into the nursing school are not just goals to me that seem so far†¦ effective manner to solve problems and meet goals. Now, to be a good leader you need leadership training as well as an organization that allows you to use resources as effectively and efficiently as need be and to trust you to make good decisions regarding conflict, ethical VS. unethical behaviors, and workplace politics. To complete this leadership interview so I could better understand leadership in management I interviewed Virginia Wood, the executive director at the Brennity of Melbourne, a retirement†¦ medical field. I have planned for this career since I was a little girl. My mother started talking to me about college when I was in elementary school. I can remember sitting in the back seat as she drove, and I listened to her talk about me going to college. College was always on my mind. As I grew older we went from discussing going to college to what I wanted my career to be. I’ve laid out the steps that will get me to my educational and career goal dreams. In junior high my dad was in a†¦ NIGHTINGALE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR CURRENT COMPLIANCE STATUS FOR INFECTION CONTROL STANDARDS UNDER JAHCO. May 07, 2011 Nightingale Community Hospital Mission Nightingale Community Hospital provides professional care that ensures total security and satisfaction to those who wish to benefit from our care. Out of concern†¦ Good Evening, Thanks, Ken. I’m Ben Stahl, the Interim Executive Director of Veterans Leadership Program of Western Pennsylvania. Tonight we are here to pay Tribute to our nation 's Veterans. This event brings together Veterans from all generations to not only to share that which we have in common, but also to celebrate those whose accomplishments demand recognition, and to honor those whose sacrifices to our nation we must hold sacred. Growing up in the Mon Valley in the 1980’s, I have witnessed†¦ â€Å"Knowledge is power. You can 't begin a career, for that matter even a relationship, unless you know everything there is to know about it.†-Randeep. My personal career goal was decision that I had to critically think about. They are many career options that you can choose from and it can be hard to narrow it down to the one that best suit to your talent. With that being said, I have decided that my career goal is to be a marketing manager which are responsible for managing marketing, advertising†¦

Rent Policy in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rent Policy in the UK - Essay Example Each individual Rent Policy today has its guidelines from the legal Restructuring framework. It will be the basis of this essay. The Tenant Service authority(TSA) was created in 2008 as an independent body to work with social housing providers to give structure, legal verification and guidance in the day to day running of their properties including almos. (Housing and Regeneration Act 2008). The TSA replaced the regulatory functions of the Housing Corporation. The Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) took over the investment functions and delivery activities of Communities and Local Governments. These two authorities cover all types of tenants in the United Kingdom. The Town and Country housing Rent Policy was chosen arbitrarily(T&CHG 2010) The TSA requires that 3 criteria be met . (TSA, 2010) "All Rent Policies must explicitly state their objectives in order to comply with the Housing Corporation's Rent Restructuring framework of 2002 . The Rent Policy shows that the rents are accessi ble to all. the rent increases are in alignment with current legislation. The association is a viable entity, earning enough revenues to maintain the property standards". Town and Country have several types of housing: social housing, shared ownership, market rent and intermediate rented stock. The Housing Corporation Rent Restructuring framework of 2002 and modified in 2009 is applied to social housing in its policy though other types of housing are also dealt with in this policy. "A person must have the choice of what type of place he can afford to have. Price should not be a determinant facture in deciding where he lives but it should determine what size of property he chooses" (Wilson, 2010) Government decision making at the local level has become less appreciated in the last few years. Associations have lost the power manage their own estates because the accountability and local decision making have become the responsibility of the government Target Rent Schemes have put people in a situation where it is no longer economically beneficial to go out and get a job. Needs have changed. Population sources are different. Social demands are no longer what they were 10 years ago Establishing the rent target calculations of 2002 did not take into consideration any of the social or financial factures of the last 10 years. Financial viability is difficult to achieve when household rents rather than property rents are used to subsidize the upkeep of estates. Rent are no longer linked to free market value. If it determined by the physical value, size and manual employment of the tenant (Wilson 2002, 3) and there is high unemployment in the area, the estates can no longer be viable. In 2009, bedroom weighting factor was added trying to add more value to property values. Manual labour was change to general employment. There were still too many variations. The 10 year plan has been met in the majority of areas other than London. The Governmental controls over Social Hous ing does not give enough control to the local councils as it was before 2002. This has been slowly changing since 2009. Public and government subsidised landlords must be able to have a combined free market of rent pricing. There is a chronic need of affordable housing. Millions of properties in the private sector are priced too high to rent and to buy. There are a million empty homes

To what extent do companies benefit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

To what extent do companies benefit - Essay Example Such actions suggest that corporations will increasingly be held accountable for activity of concern to multiple stakeholder groups. As a result there will likely be a renewed interest in identifying the dimensions and consequences of corporate social responsibilities. Cameron has suggested that multiple perspectives of organizational effectiveness exist and that "consensus regarding the best, or sufficient, set of indicators of effectiveness is impossible to obtain" (1986: 541). The same arguments can be made regarding social performance as a specific aspect of overall corporate performance. Social responsibility continues to be a poorly defined as well as difficult to measure concept. There appears to be no real agreement as to what constitutes social performance. What is indicated, however, is the need to apply measures which address multiple criteria of social performance. This study attempts to specify the underlying dimensions of a multiple measure of corporate social responsibility and investigate the relationship between corporate social performance and multiple measures of financial performance. For the purposes of this study, corporate social performance represents a measure of a firm's attentiveness to multiple stakeholder groups. ... This perspective generally cast corporate activity as a zero-sum game. Whatever resources were expended in the interests of social responsibility came at the expense of shareholders (Wartick and Cochran, 1985). The interests of shareholders and other stakeholders were defined implicitly as conflicting and mutually exclusive. Many criticisms have been leveled at this perspective and it seems safe to conclude that corporations are no longer viewed, even theoretically, as solely economic institutions (Sharfman, 1992). At a very minimum, there appears to be a consensus that firms serve multiple constituencies and stakeholder groups whose memberships are overlapping and whose interests are interdependent (Aram, 1989; Freeman, 1984; Nash, 1990). An understanding of such relationships and an attendant concern for the interests of all stakeholder groups may force firms to act in a socially responsible way regardless of their motivation (Sen, 1993). Out of these perspectives come varied hypotheses regarding the relationship between social responsibility and corporate economic performance. When corporations are viewed as economic institutions, a negative relationship between social responsibility and profitability is assumed (Ullmann, 1985). The opposing hypothesis suggests a positive relationship between social responsibility and performance. Proponents of this perspective argue that socially concerned management is likely to also possess the skills necessary to achieve superior financial performance (Alexander and Buchholz, 1978; Metzger et al., 1993). A final perspective hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped correlation between social and economic performance. To an

Marketing home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing home work - Essay Example In a highly competitive environment of cut throat business, creating and keeping customers therefore becomes vital ingredient of the market strategy of the firms. Saxonville Sausages is a prime example of how brand strategies were used to position their product in the market. They had targeted family and homemakers who relished home cooked food. The advertisements showed women using Saxonville sausages to make different dishes and enjoying it with family. Thus it was able to create a niche market position. Through right positioning, it was able to revive its declining profits (Mullins & Walker, 2009). Mountain Man brewery case, on the other hand emphasizes the need for new product to meet the challenges of time. Mountain Man is established brand of lager with regional specialty that primarily caters to the niche market of coal miners. Its brand equity is associated with long history of coal mining and has a loyal customer base which now is elderly populace. The new light beer would meet the tastes of young generation but fears that it could threaten its brand equity. But this is a risk which the firm must take to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry. Market research is intrinsic part of business strategy that is used to identify and analyze changing customers’ requirements which the firms meet through new product development or value addition (Vandermerwe, 2004; McKenna, 1991). The buying behavior and surveys are important tools for qualitative and quantitative analysis that help deintify the changing trend of the consumers. For example, qualitative study would show that coke is a favorite drink but diet coke is preferred more because of its low calorie. On the other hand, quantitative research would indicate that coke is more popular than Pepsi. Various firms like Redbull, Reebok, Nike have used market research to identify their requirement that was used for new product

Diabetic With Exertional Dyspnea and Anasarca: Case Study

Diabetic With Exertional Dyspnea and Anasarca: Case Study A fifty year old gentleman, a known diabetic and hypertensive presented with exertional dyspnea and fluid overload. He was detected to have renal failure and associated evidence of cardiac disease, cardiorenal syndrome Type 4. He improved with decongestive therapy and conservative management. In view of the presence of microvascular complications of diabetes, he was diagnosed as diabetic nephropathy stage 5 and initiated on maintenance haemodialysis. The approach to diabetics with renal involvement and the issues in their management is discussed. Case summary A fifty year old gentleman a known diabetic and hypertensive for eight years presented with exertional dyspnea of one month duration. Dyspnoea on exertion had been progressively worsening for one month with orthopnea for one day. He complained of cough accompanied with  ½ a cup per day of mucoid non foul smelling, non blood stained sputum for last one month. He complained of swelling feet with worsening of dyspnoea for last four days. No h/o chest pain, PND, syncope, wheeze or fever. He was a chronic smoker (25 pack yrs) and a reformed alcohol consumer 240 gms/day for 15yrs. What would be your analysis of symptoms? The exertional dyspnea is suggestive of cardiovascular system involvement. In a diabetic, hypertensive and chronic smoker, coronary artery disease or hypertensive heart disease would be common possibilities. Cough with wheeze in a smoker could be COPD in exacerbation with cor pulmonale accounting for the exertional dyspnea and swelling feet, however orthopnea, a sign of left sided cardiac involvement would be uncommon. Additionally, the duration of cough is too short to qualify for COPD. Infective causes of cough like tuberculosis need to be excluded although they cannot account for all symptoms. He also complained of decreased urine output and puffiness of face for last four days. There is no history of altered behaviour, haematuria, smoky urine, nocturia, dysuria, hesitancy or precipitancy. Two years ago patient during evaluation prior to surgery for prolapsed disc was found a creatinine of 1.5mg%. Does the differential diagnosis change in the light of the additional information? The complaints of oliguria and puffiness of face suggests renal failure with fluid overload state. It is common for Type 2 diabetics, especially with accompanying hypertension to present with early renal involvement. Therefore, although the duration of diabetes is only eight years, the cause of renal failure could still be diabetic nephropathy. The presence of renal involvement two years ago is a clue to the chronic nature of renal involvement. An acute on chronic renal failure due to respiratory tract infection could account for the sudden worsening over one month. On examination, pulse 84 / min, regular, BP 190/110 mm Hg, respiratory rate 28/min, thoraco abdominal , JVP 8 cm above sternal angle, Facial puffiness, pallor and pitting edema in upper and lower limbs noted. Trophic skin changes in lower limb were present. No asterixis, Icterus, clubbing, cyanosis or lymphadenopathy seen. Respiratory system examination revealed extensive wheeze and coarse crackles. The heart sounds were normal with no pericardial rub. Liver was enlarged, span 15cm,soft, nontender and ascites was not elicitable. Fundoscopy revealed early nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Rest of neurological examination was normal. What is your analysis with the given clinical findings? The patient has anasarca with pallor and hypertension. The presence of diabetic retinopathy also suggests microvascular complications have set in. Diabetic nephropathy with fluid overload state can explain most of the signs and symptoms. An associated cardiac disease like coronary artery disease may be present. Diastolic heart failure is common accompaniment that may be contributing the signs of right heart failure. Cardiac asthma can account for the new onset wheeze in a diabetic. Diabetic nephropathy with a possible cardiac pathology, cardiorenal syndrome is the most likely diagnosis. What is cardiorenal syndrome? Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a pathophysiologic entity involving the heart and kidneys where acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may result in acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. CRS Type 1 reflects an abrupt worsening of cardiac function as is seen in acute cardiogenic shock or in a patient of congestive heart failure who has decompensated leading to acute kidney injury. CRS Type 2 comprises the group of patient with chronic congestive heart failure resulting in progressive chronic renal failure. CRS Type 3 consists of an abrupt worsening of kidney function (e.g., acute renal failure or glomerulonephritis) causing acute cardiac dysfunction (e.g., arrhythmia, ischemia, heart failure). CRS Type 4 refers to a state of chronic kidney disease (e.g., chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis) contributing to left ventricular hypertrophy and poor cardiac function. CRS Type 5 reflects a systemic condition like sepsis resulting in simultaneous cardiac and renal dysfunction. Our patient seems to have Cardiorenal syndrome Type 4. The biochemical parameters, ECG and echocardiography will be needed to make a firm diagnosis. Investigations revealed Hb 10.5g/dl, TLC 13300/cumm, DLC P91L7, platelets 2.78lac/cumm, Urine albumin 4+, granular casts+, blood urea 89mg/dL, serum creatinine 5.8mg/dL, serum Na 115mmol/L, serum K 3.1mmol/L, blood sugar fasting 102mg/dL, postprandial 156mg/dL,HbA1C 6.6%, serum bilirubin 0.5mg/dL, calcium 8.4mg/dL, phosphate 3.2mg/dL, iPTH 6.9pg/ml, CKMB 19mg/dL, serum iron 48  µg /dL, serum TIBC 243 µg/dL, transferrin saturation 19.7%, HBsAg negative, Anti HCV Negative, HIV Negative. Ultrasound revealed medical renal Disease with bilateral renal cysts, size of right kidney 8.5 cms left kidney 9.5 cms. Chest radiograph showed cardiomegaly with prominent hilar markings. ECG showed T wave inversion in I, aVL,V4- V6 suggestive of strain pattern and left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage criteria. 2-D ECHO showed concentric LVH, No RWMA, EF 0.65,diastolic dysfunction, trivial TR and no AS/AR. Could this patient have nondiabetic renal disease? Is there an indication for kidney biopsy to confirm renal diagnosis in this patient? In a diabetic with kidney disease, it would be presumed that the proteinuria and azotemia is due to diabetic nephropathy especially if there is associated retinopathy and normal sized kidneys. There is no necessity to perform a kidney biopsy to confirm diabetic nephropathy as it would make no difference in the management. However, a diabetic is also prone to other nondiabetic renal diseases as in the general population that may need histopathological examination and warrant specific therapy. The clues that the renal failure is due to nondiabetic renal disease requiring a biopsy are summarised. Asymmetric kidneys or small sized kidneys are also clues to a nondiabetic renal disease but donot warrant biopsy. Our patient has near normal sized kidneys (right kidney small) with proteinuria and nonproliferative retinopathy, hence there is no requirement to biopsy. Retinopathy is present in 65% of cases of DMType2 with nephropathy, hence absence of retinopathy doesnot rule out nephropathy. Biopsy not indicated when Typical evolution of renal disease Concomitant retinopathy Biopsy should be considered when Renal manifestations are seen atypically (5-8 g/day) persists despite lowering of blood pressure * Only for Type 1 diabetes What are the stages of diabetic nephropathy? What stage is the patient in? The stages of diabetic nephropathy are as summarised in the table. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinically detectable evidence of onset of nephropathy in a diabetic. About 20-25% of diabetics develop nephropathy in their lifetimes. The time after diagnosis has been validated after followup of Type1 diabetics and doesnot hold true for type 2 diabetics because the the time of onset of diabetes is not clearcut ina given case. It is not uncommon for clinically evident nephropathy to be present when type 2 diabetes is detected. Our patient has established renal failure, hence is in stage 5 diabetic nephropathy. Stage Glomerular filtration Albuminuria Blood pressure Time interval 1 Renal hyperfunction Elevated Absent Normal At diagnosis 2 Clinical latency High normal Absent 3Microalbuminuria Within the normal range 20-200 ÃŽ ¼g/min (30-300 mg/day) Rising within or above the normal range 5-15 years 4 Proteinuria (overt nephropathy) Decreasing 200 ÃŽ ¼g/min (300 mg/day) Increased 10-15 years 5 Renal failure Diminished Massive Increased 15-30 years What is the difference in nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes and type2 diabetes? Type 1 Diabetes with nephropathy Type 2 Diabetes with nephropathy Follows classical stages Hypertension is usually due to renoparenchymal aetiology Retinopathy 90-100 % concordance Non diabetic renal disease rare Less consistent Primary hypertension commoner (metabolic syndrome) Retinopathy 60% concordance Non diabetic renal disease 20-30% Define microalbuminuria. What is the relevance of finding microalbuminuria in a diabetic? Microabuminuria is defined as the presence of 30-300 mg albumin/24 hrs urine collection or 20-200microgm/mt in a timed urine sample in atleast 2/3 samples over 6 months in the absence of fever, infection, physical exercise, uncontrolled blood pressure or sugar, cardiac failure or haematuria. The importance of the finding is that it indicates endothelial dysfunction and is a predictor of diabetic nephropathy in 80% and 40% Type1 and Type2 diabetics. It is also is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and hypertension. In a given patient it is a clue to the clinician to institute aggressive control of blood pressure and hyperglycemia to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy. The patient was managed with loop diuretics, plain insulin, inhaled bronchodilators, nitroglycerine drip and oxygen therapy. After initial stabilisation, he continued to have raised serum creatinine, hence was initiated on maintenance haemodialysis as a case of diabetic nephropathy with ESRD. What happens to the hyperglycemia with the onset of diabetic nephropathy? What treatment modifications are required to be made for glycemic control? With the onset of nephropathy, the insulin requirement decreases and patient becomes more prone to hypoglycaemia because the half life of insulin is prolonged, renal gluconeogenesis decreases, food intake is decreased, half life of oral hypoglycemics is prolonged, diabetic gastropathy delays gastric emptying and patient frequently vomits food due to uraemia. Infact if a well controlled diabetic develops episodes of unexplained hypoglycaemia, then one needs to look for evidence of nephropathy. Biguanides and long acting sulfonylureas are contraindicated in the presence of renal failure. Glimepride and glipizide may be used if serum creatinine is less than 2mg/dL. With more advanced renal failure, patient should be shifted to insulin therapy. What are the measures that can prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy? Large randomised control trials like IDNT and RENAAL have provided clear evidence that angiotensin receptor blockers help to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy. The ADVANCE trial provided similar evidence for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. A target blood pressure of 130/80 mmof Hg is recommended for diabetics with proteinuria. Intensive treatment of hyperglycemia with tight blood sugar control has shown to reduce the incidence of micovascular complications including nephropatrhy in multiple studies like DCCT, UKPDS and ADVANCE. Cessation of smoking, avoidance of high protein diet and control of hyperlipidemia also seem to be beneficial. Once overt renal failure has set in then tight blood sugar control may not prevent further progression of nephropathy and the risk of hypoglycaemia increases, hence the physician should use discretion in prescribing antidiabetic therapy. What are the issues in dialysis of patients with diabetic nephropathy? Although diabetics with ESRD are candidates for all renal replacement therapy (RRT) options as nondiabetics, there are many factors that make it challenging to provide RRT in a diabetic. Associated coronary artery disease and diastolic dysfunction, high incidence of fistula failure due to atherosclerosed vessels, heparin (given during haemodialysis) related bleed due to associated retinopathy, decreased osmotic gradient and poor clearance in CAPD, poor tolerance to uraemic symptoms, diabetic cystopathy and gastroparesis, preponderance to low turnover bone disease, higher incidence of infections, autonomic neuropathy, elderly age group of patients with attendant social and logistic issues all contribute to poor survival in diabetics compared to nondiabetics. Final diagnosis Diabetic nephropathy in end stage renal disease with Cardiorenal syndrome Type 4 Commentary Diabetic nephropathy has become the commonest cause of chronic kidney disease in both the western world and developing countries. Classical stages of diabetic nephropathy described in Type 1 diabetics may not be evident in the progression of kidney disease associated with Type 2 diabetics. Measures to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy should be aggressively instituted. Patients of diabetes Type2 with kidney disease additionally have associated cardiac disease making the management of such patients challenging. Cardiorenal syndromes encountered in various situations have been recently described that have improved our understanding of the complex pathophysiology and may open new avenues of treatment in the future. Take home message Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of ESRD and developing countries are likely to face an epidemic in the next two decades. Cardiorenal syndrome (Types1-5) is a recently described pathophysiological condition that has furthered our understanding of the complex interrelation between heart failure and kidney failure in diverse clinical settings. Why Are Informal Networks Important? Why Are Informal Networks Important? Introduction Informal organizations affect decisions within the formal organization but either, are omitted from the formal scheme or are not consistent with it. They consist of interpersonal relationships that are not mandated by the rules of the formal organization but arise spontaneously in order to satisfy individual members needs Ever since the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, 1949) and the development of the Human Relations school of thought, there has been a widespread tendency towards adopting a less scientific view of organisations. There has also been a relaxation of the assumption of rational behaviour by employees and behaviour that is strictly in tune with the goals of management and the rest of the organisation. As Mayo states: In every department that continues to operate, the workers have, whether aware of it or not, formed themselves into a group with appropriate customs, duties, routines, even rituals; and management succeeds (or fails) in proportion, as it is accepted without reservation by the group as authority and leader (Mayo, 1949) This indicates that individuals in organisations do not stop being social beings while at work. This in turn relates to the very core of the essential question of how to define an organisation. The underlying assumption in this paper will be that organisations are basically a web of coalitions and that coalition building is an important dimension of all organisational life (Morgan, 1997). In consequence, various approaches have been undertaken in order to try and understand organisations. By mainly focusing on communication as the vehicle of social structures, sociologists have described organisations as structures of social interactions in a specific organisational context or culture (White, 1970). Psychologists relaxed and redefined the assumption of rational behaviour in order to understand and describe the needs of individuals in organisations. This has led to a multitude of ways to describe organisational structures, often through metaphors (Morgan, 1997). There has been a shift in the traditional view of the role of the manager and his or her workday (Mintzberg, 1973). By not relying on the normative division of work into planning, organising, coordinating and controlling, Mintzberg suggested that the workday of a manager was much less structured and based on intuition rather than formal decision making processes. What becomes apparent regardless of the method of analysis of the underlying premise is that no organisation can be described or mapped in a satisfactory manner using just formal organisational methods, let alone be managed on that basis. The Structure of Informal Networks It is important to present the concepts associated with intra-organisational social networks. The optimal terminology to describe the informal organisation depends on the purpose of the analysis. There is no one best way to interpret informal networks (Mintzberg, 1989). Informal networks in organisations are likened with the nervous system of a living organism, whereas the bones represent the formal organisation (Krackhardt and Hanson, 1993). Staying with the analogy of the human body, a superficial comparison can be made between the skeleton and the nervous system, and informal/ formal networks within organisations to help understand the function of these networks. The formal organisation is compared to a skeleton which is a strong and rigid frame and the informal organisation is compared to the nervous system which is fragile yet flexible. The skeleton is visible, whereas the nervous system is an entity with no structure without definite subdivisions. Without determined, close obse rvation, it might be difficult to recognise (Han, 1983). Why do Informal Networks Exist? Informal networks exist in every organisation and are an inevitable function within them. Individuals do not stop being social beings when placed in a formal work setting. When highlighting some of the motives for the creation and maintenance of informal networks within organisations, it is important to distinguish between unconscious and conscious reasons for their existence. Affiliation needs: To satisfy the need for belonging to a group, individuals will tend to join networks of friendship and support. As a result, a part of ones individuality is sacrificed to conform to group norms. Identity and self-esteem: Belonging to a group or informal network can develop, enhance and confirm an individuals sense of identity as a result of the personal interaction. Social needs: Traditional formal networks within organisations often offer little room for emotions, feelings or sharing of personal thought, informal networks serve as an agent for structuring and supporting a shared social reality. By relying on this social reality, individuals can reduce uncertainty and stress. Informal groups also help members to compensate for feeling of dissatisfaction with the formal leader, organization or official communication system (Han, 1983). Defence mechanism: In the face of perceived threat or general uncertainty, group cohesion can act as a defence mechanism to reduce (perceived) uncertainty and strengthen each individuals ability to respond to the threat. Risk reduction: Through diluting blame and aggregating praise, a group of workers perceive risk to a lesser extent than they would as individuals. Thus unconscious efforts of individuals to control the conditions of their existence will lead to the creation of informal groups. In addition, often more practical and very clear unambiguous conscious reasons for the creation and development of informal networks also exist. The need to know: One of the primary characteristics of the informal structure within organisations is their communications network, often referred to as the grapevine. Studies have shown grapevine communication to be both fast and surprisingly accurate (Crampton et al., 1998). And in situations when information is critically needed by an individual to perform the task at hand, the grapevine can prove and efficient vehicle for news and information, thus bypassing the formal channels of communication (Mintzberg, 1973). Politics: One of the more conscious reasons for the use of informal networks within organisations is that employees might choose to use informal channels of communication to influence colleagues or superiors in order to gain an advantage in organisational politics. Politics refers to individual or group behaviour, that is informal, ostensibly parochial, typically divisive, and above all, in the technical sense, illegitimate, sanctioned neither by formal authority, accepted ideology, nor certified expertise (though it may exploit any one of these) (Mintzberg, 1983) What is the Informal Organisation? Chester Bernard, a pioneering management theorist who studying organisational behaviour, in the classic The Functions of the Executive, described the informal organisation as any joint personal activity without conscious joint purpose, even though it contributes to joint results. Thus, the informal relationships established between groups of colleagues going for a drink after work on a Friday may actually help in the achievement of reaching organisational goals (Barnard, 1938). More recently the informal organisation has been described as a network of personal and social relations not established or required by the formal organization but arising spontaneously as people associate with one another (Davis and Newstrom, 1985). Thus, informal relationships do not appear on the organisational chart but do include relationships such as chatting together, having lunch or even getting together outside of work hours to socialise together. Informal Group Dynamics at Work Managers are often not aware that within every organisation there are group pressures that influence and regulate employee behaviour, performance and motivation. Informal groups can form their own code of ethics and an unspoken set of standards in establishing acceptable behaviour. Manager needs to be aware of the power and influence informal groups have and that they will almost inevitably form if the opportunity arises. These groups can have an extremely powerful impact on the achievement of organisational effectiveness. However the influence of these groups can be controlled and resisted if handled efficiently. The impact of informal behaviour within the formal organisational setting depends on the norms that the group adheres to. As this is the case it can be surmised that the informal organisation can make the formal organisation either more or less effective depending on how it is managed and controlled and interacts within a company. References BARNARD, C. I. 1938. The functions of the executive, Cambridge, Harvard university press. CRAMPTON, S. M., HODGE, J. W. MISHRA, J. M. 1998. The Informal Communication Network: Factors Influencing Grapevine Activity. Public Personnel Management. DAVIS, K. NEWSTROM, J. 1985. Human Behavior at Work. New York: Mc Graw Hill. HAN, P. E. 1983. The Informal Organization Youve Got to Live With. Supervisory Management 28. KRACKHARDT, D. HANSON, J. R. 1993. Informal networks : the company behind the chart, Harvard Business Review. MAYO, E. 1949. The social problems of an industrial civilization. Routhledge. MINTZBERG, H. 1973. The nature of managerial work, New York ; London, Harper and Row. MINTZBERG, H. 1983. Power in and around organizations, Englewood Cliffs ; London, Prentice-Hall. MINTZBERG, H. 1989. Mintzberg on management : inside our strange world of organizations, New York London, Free Press ; Collier Macmillan. MORGAN, G. 1997. Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publications. SIMON, H. A. 1976. Administrative Behavior. New York: The Free Press. WHITE, H. C. 1970. Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.