Characteristics of Bipolar Disorders Essay - 1304 Words

Characteristics of Bipolar Disorders Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function (Mental Help Net, 2004). Different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through, the symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. Bipolar Disorder is broken down into two types: Bipolar I: For a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder, at least one manic or mixed episode clearly is or has been present (APA, 2000). DSM-IV Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder consists of: One or more Manic or Mixed episodes†¦show more content†¦Bipolar II: Similar to Bipolar I Disorder, there are periods of highs as described above and often followed by periods of depression. Bipolar II Disorder, however is different in that the highs are hypo manic, rather than manic (APA, 2000). In other words, they have similar symptoms but they are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and typically do not require hospitalization in order to assure the safety of the person. A persons family history and genetics (diathesis) often play an important role in the greater likelihood of someone having bipolar disorder in their lifetime (Mental Help Net, 2004). Increased stress and inadequate coping mechanisms to deal with that stress may also contribute to the disorders manifestation. Bipolar disorder is most often experienced as a swing between a manic and a depressed mood, which may often be related to increased stress or other event in a persons normal life (Mental Help Net, 2004). Nearly anything can trigger a person to shift in mood, and sometimes there is no obvious trigger at all. Often, the first manic episode is triggered because of some external stressor the person has experienced. However, the hallmark of Bipolar disorder is that the persons extreme moods often seem to come on of their own accord (Mental Help Net,Show MoreRelatedThe Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder and Modes of Treatment1026 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder (manic-depres sion) is a neurological disorder influencing mood. Without treatment, people afflicted by this disorder demonstrate extreme emotional fluctuations throughout their lives. Yet despite (or perhaps as a result of) the unusual intensity of the bipolar emotional roller coaster, many people with this disorder have been widely regarded as leaders and high achievers in a variety of fields of endeavor. A closer look at bipolar disorder seems to reveal a cycle of extremes fromRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. 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Through reading this book, articles on bipolar disorder, and research it gave a powerfulRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1572 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Bipolar disorder has had a large history full of misunderstandings, wrongful treatments and stigma surrounding the illness. Bipolar, formerly called manic depression causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). (Mayo 1998) When you become depressed you may feel sad, vulnerable and anxious. When you experience mania you will become overly joyful or full of energy, making the crash back to depression that much harder. According to A ShortRead MorePrevalence Rate For Bipolar I Disorder1552 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder is 0.6% and the 12-month prevalence rate is 0.4% of the overall population (Merikangas et al, 2011). The United States had the highest reported lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders with 4.4% and a 12-month prevalence of 2.8%. In addition, lifetime prevalence rates for bipolar I disorder were found to be slightly higher in males than in females. While much of the reported prevalence rates for bipolar disorder are based on adults 18 yearsRead MoreEffective Instructional Practices For Students With Bipolar Disorder Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesInstructional Practices for Educators Working with Students Afflicted with Bipolar Disorder Despite the advances in designing instructions for students with learning disabilities, a lot of educators across the country still face significant challenges in addressing the needs of students who suffer from behavioral and emotional disorders. To add to this existing conundrum, there are a lot of students exhibiting bipolar characteristics who remain undiagnosed. Despite the existing federal mandates to betterRead MoreChildhood Trauma Can Have A Significant Impact On The Behaviour1460 Words   |  6 Pagesshown how trauma causes behavioral problems and can also result in mental disorders in the person. Studies conducted by Gabriele et al. (2002) and Sara et al. (2013) show how incidences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are widespread in patients with bipolar disorder. Gabriele et al. (2002) conducted the research to find out the impact of adverse childhood events, mainly physical and sexual abuse on bipolar disorder. Their hypothesis was, â€Å"the occurrence of these traumatic events early inRead MoreEssay on Bi polar disorder1550 Words   |  7 Pages Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder, however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victimsRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of Bipolar Disorder924 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of Bipolar Disorder At least 2 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder, more commonly known as manic-depression. This illness usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Although it may come into affect at any time, most individuals with the disorder experience their first mood episode in their 20’s. However, manic-depression quite often strike teenagers and has been diagnosed in children under 12. The risk of suicide among personsRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder also known as manic depression has always been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that it can appear in almost everyone. Bipolar disorder causes mood swings in energy, thinking, and other behavior. Having a bipolar disorder can be very disabling (Kapczinski). A study was evaluated and about 1.3% of the U.S population of people suffers from bipolar disorder. Stressors and environmental influences can trigger and cause a person to go through numerous episodes. Bipolar

Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction National and International Perspectives Free Essays

The assignment encompasses the idea of ICT and its role in national and international perspective. ICT integration in Disaster Risk Reduction is a contemporary idea. Disaster losses can be some-fold reduced if it can integrate technologies with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now ICT can serve in a broader scheme when it comes to disaster risk reduction. The motto of this assignment is to narrate ICT’s contribution internationally and compare it with national DRR measures. The data that are used in here are secondary data. Key words: ICT, DRR, National, International. INTRODUCTION Due to the geographic location and geological settings, Bangladesh has to endure several life-threatening catastrophes (Islam et al. 2014). Previous disasters snatched so many valuable lives and destroyed a huge amount of property. In this scenario, it is imperative to think about measures that incorporate technologies in disaster schemes. Access to proper, reliable, timely information assists to a great extent in all phases of a disaster. Without reliable information, people often end up guessing a sketchy situation which leads to an uncertain situation (Wattegama 2014). ICTs have their own advantages that effectively serve in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction (ADPC n.d.). During disaster, receiving proper information becomes one of the basic needs. Proper respond requires correct and timely information dissemination. Thus, technology/ICT can serve in this arena rather than dissemination information manually. Recently, there is a growing awareness regarding incorporating ICT in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). ICT can help in shifting paradigm from conventional to comprehensive (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Current policy recognizes the importance of ICT in DRR; per se, Hyogo Framework for Action (ADPC n.d.). ICT provides the scope for proper coordination, management, relief distribution, search and rescue and so on. Although Bangladesh is a disaster prone country, it has set an example in shifting the paradigm of disaster; where ICT plays a role. ICT has contributed to shape the knowledge regarding disaster, disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). But in spite of having an infrastructural line up, there is no comprehensive system that designates roles and responsibilities among different organizations. PROBLEM STATEMENT Though ICT is a very important tool regarding reduce disaster risk, there are some limitations for which it cannot serve properly. First, there is a severe deficiency of experienced personnel to operate technological sector. Second, a lot of acts are stated but government is reluctant to enact them all. Third, there are not enough backup plans in case of power loss occurs. Because without power, most of the tools will not come in handy. Forth, a mass people are out of reaching the meteorological data, forecasting due to lack of medium. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The assignment is carried out with a view to acknowledging the existing pattern of ICT in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction. With adequate references, it compares national and international scheme of DRR and role of ICT in this regard. As the concern of ICT is increasing with the pace of DRR in present time; it is essential to compare ICT in national DRR with international perspective. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following research questions were taken into account while doing the assignment. These are – What are the current ICT tools that are in use in DRR of Bangladesh and other countries? Is it possible to bring new dimensions in existing DRR pattern of Bangladesh? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives are the following – To get an overview of ICT in DRR in national and international perspective. To suggest some ideas comparing the upper two perspectives. LITERATURE REVIEW Disaster cannot be eliminated totally but the loss due to it can be minimized (Hasan and Ayub 2015). For effective DRR, it needs special attention from all sectors. ICT can help in this regards. It can play a pivotal role for reducing disaster risk. There are some traditional channels and emerging channels to serve in this regard (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh gained its popularity in the sector of Disaster Management for shifting into proactive measures from reactive measures. This was possible due to largely focusing on early warning, preparedness, welfare of people, reducing vulnerabilities and so on. Complexity and uncertainty is a part of eliminating disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). It varies with different context, type, distance, time. So, collecting and analyzing data manually is a comparatively hard job (Yap 2011). There ICT plays a significant role to highlight the risk zones, formulate different simulations to understand about upcoming extreme events. Early warning beforehand a disaster was developed with the help of mobile phone, radio/community radio, television, different software, satellite based data, GIS, remote sensing both nationally and internationally (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Among them radio, television, mobile phone is marked as the most valid tool. Because, hardly all the countries have access to internet as most of them are developing countries. But again they have some drawbacks- if they are switched off; people remain in dark about the upcoming disaster (Yap 2011). Satellite-based communication system can come in handy when ground internet, network is not at work. In Asian region, Thaicom’s IPStar satellite has established for the broadest service network (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh should make the best use out of it during disasters. The Indian Ocean tsunami (December 2004) made the world astonished. There was next to no warning measures and thousands of people were suddenly in front of giant killer waves. In the aftermath of the tsunami, several international meetings have been held and they came to a conclusion. That is to build to Multi Hazard Early Warning System in the regime of South-East Asia. Later Bangladesh also showed interest to this early warning system (Wattegama 2014). Lanka Software Foundation founded free and open source based software named ‘Sahana’. Which helped to find missing person showing electronic bulletin, organized donor organization, keep a virtual record of temporary camp, shelter. So, technology can help immensely when it comes to disaster. A disaster database – ‘DesInventar’; that stores up to 30 years of data helped 17 countries of North and South America. Later, inspired by this Orissa (India) created a database that contains data from 1970s. Again, the India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) is a web-enabled and GIS-based national database that collects and stores information such as different organizational expertise, details of equipment. So that, they can be mobilized quickly in the time of response (Wattegama 2014). A case study shows that during Haiti earthquake in 2010, the distressed people could send a SMS out of cost to the Haitian diaspora community. Then the outside community added location and passed it to different organizations, NGOs to accommodate relief for them. This set an example for two-way communication, which is very much significant during disaster. But this measure is absent from Bangladesh’s disaster scheme (ADPC n.d.). Also, GIS is flourishing platform in DRR for creating baseline information for risk assessments. But due to lack of experts, the sector is remained untouched. In Bangladesh, National ICT Policy was enacted in 2009; and there is a wide range of activities are stated with a view to protect citizens through effective ICT management. It comprises reote sensing technologies for disaster management and mitigation, SMS based disaster warning system, efficient relief management and post-disaster activities monitoring, GIS based systems to monitor flood ; cyclone shelters, GIS based systems to ensure equitable distribution of relief goods and identify hard to reach areas and so on (MSICT 2009). Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (FFWC), Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Institute for Water Modeling (IWM) and other organization work relentlessly in DRR sector with the help of technology in Bangladesh (MSICT 2009). And they are trying to add new dimension in early warning system as a part of disaster risk reduction. RESEARCH GAP Bangladesh is lagged behind when it comes to technological advancement. There is much opportunity to contribution in this section. For example, in the previous section, there is mentioned about the two-way communication system that helped Haitian distressed people. As that is absent from Bangladesh DRR implementation, it could be introduced from a new angle. Two way communications cannot help only during disaster, but also in pre-disaster situation. There could be a free portal/line that would only take suggestions, complaints regarding the existent problem for a specific society. METHODOLOGY The assignment is conducted by reviewing and using secondary sources. The assignment mostly followed the researches, papers, articles where secondary data are used immensely and qualitative in manner. Conceptualization was the first step doing this assignment. A mind map was created while selecting and reviewing the data. The data were collected in the manner that supports the idea of the topic. CONCLUSION ICT is only a tool that can be used for mitigate, preparedness, response purpose. The effect of ICT lies in how it is used for reducing disaster risk. This is the key challenge. Again, most of the disaster prone countries are developing countries. They have little access to internet other than radio, television. In this situation it is difficult to set an ICT-based DRR system. Some governments are also negligent when it comes to incorporate ICT in the national disaster scheme. It is time to realize that ICT is not only a mere tool; actually it can serve in a broader sense for reducing disaster risk and achieving sustainable future. It can be beneficial to all concerned stakeholders, non government- government bodies, donor agencies and more. An all out effort should be made for proper cooperation and coordination, building experts and last but not the least mainstream technology in the existing disaster risk reduction practices. References Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) n.d., ICT for Disaster Risk Management, viewed on 11 October, 2018, link: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/47520_ictfordisasterriskmanagement.pdf Ayo, CK, Adeboye, AB and Gbadeyan JA 2011, Application of ICT to Resource and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86. Hassan, M and Ayub, A 2015,  Role of ICT in natural disaster management of Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).Islam, ARMT, Tasnuva, A, Islam, MT and Haque, MR 2014, Management Approach to Disaster Scenerio in Bangladesh: An Overview, Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 1-7. Ministry of Science and Information ; Communication Technology (MSICT) Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National ICT Policy – 2009, July 2009 Wattegama, C 2014, ICT for disaster management.Yap, NT 2011, Disaster management, developing country communities climate change: The role of ICTs,  Manchester: Report, eds. R, Heeks and A, Ospina for IDRC, Centre for Development Informatics, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. How to cite Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives, Papers

What Is a Mega Event Essay Sample free essay sample

This essay will dig into what Mega Events are described to be and how they are identified by faculty members. This essay shall portray the difference in different types of Mega Events. what all Mega Events have in common utilizing existent life illustrations and chiefly the cardinal elements. Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) states that there are many different illustrations of what an Event is depending on the point of view. it describes the general features of an Event to be impermanent. assemblages of people. frequently ritual shows and are normally alone ; nevertheless Mega Events are described as being events that are on a planetary graduated table ; go forthing behind long footings effects on the topographic point in which it took topographic point and besides for the people that attended. Mega Events are normally every few old ages. for illustration the winter and summer Olympic games are every four old ages. Mega Events can be recognised for non merely the economic impacts but besides t he societal impacts every bit good as the audience scale the Event additions during it. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Mega Event? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The audience of a Mega Event is non merely the figure of attendants but besides the figure of people that watched the Event via other agencies of media. for illustration when the 2012 Olympics in London were running. non merely could people watch it on telecasting but besides the cyberspace. even some wireless Stationss had commentary on was go oning during the 2012 games. In 2006 the FIFA World Cup held in Germany was live on telecasting. although 3. 4 million people watched the game in the bowl ; the cumulative telecasting audience was 26. 3 billion. ( FIFA 2007 ) . Bowdin et Al ( 2001 ) explained that Mega Events will impact whole economic systems and in consequence they are circulated widely in the planetary media. ‘Mega-events’ are large-scale cultural ( including commercial and featuring ) events which have a dramatic character. mass popular entreaty and international significance’ Roche. M. ( 2000 ) . Mega- events and Modernity: Olympics. Expos and the Growth of Global Culture. Abington. Routledge. Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) extended this quotation mark by saying that Mega Events should pull media representatives and viewing audiences from legion states across the universe. Getz ( 2007 ) besides emphasises Bowdin’s statement by adding that Mega Events besides involve touristry. media coverage and besides economic impacts. â€Å"Mega-events. by manner of their size or significance. are those that yield inordinately high degrees of touristry. media coverage. prestigiousness. or economic impact for the host community or destination† ( Getz 1997. p. 6 ) . Getz ( 1997 ) described Mega Events to hold a measureable length and non to be for good settled in topographic point. Mega Events have many cardinal features such as size. planetary audience and the command procedure in common. Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) states Mega Events can be divided into three chief divisions ; cultural. political and featuring Mega Events. The promotion and enlargement of both regional and national civilization is the chief importance of cultural Mega Events. cultural events are based on history and tradition and normally run over a figure of yearss. Political Mega Events are held to discourse schemes on planetary trade. the environment and security. Sporting Mega Events are Events based on athletics. they are the most studied type of event and they continue to turn significantly. Cultural Mega Events open a metropolis to the universe which normally runs over a figure of yearss. World’s Fair or World Expo’s are the most recognized cultural Mega Event. The World Expo’s are considered to be the 3rd largest event in the universe in footings of economic and cultura l impact. after the World Cup and the Olympic Games. Expos were traditionally developed to showcase new innovations and to ease cultural exchange between states. they are besides used to advance take parting states. For illustration. Expo ’92 in Seville was used by Spain to advance itself as a modern and democratic state. Cultural Mega Events focal point on the development and publicity of different states. Since the 1970s Political Mega Events have increased in size with the positive development of globalization. NGOs from the developed and developing universe meet to debate policies on planetary trade. security and the environment. An illustration of a Political Mega Event is the United Nations Climate Change Conference Copenhagen 2009. 15. 000 delegates and 5000 journalists’ attended this event which lasted for 11 yearss in an effort to make a new planetary understanding on the reaction to climate alteration. At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen around 100. 000 dissenters provoked a big and dearly-won constabularies response. However. ?80 million was raised for the local economic system ; the event besides brought together decision-makers and political l eaders with planetary degrees of influence. At a distance 1000000s of other people besides participated through protest ( Bladen et al. 2012 ) . Sporting Mega Events can be described by Roberts ( 2000 ) as he states that the word ‘Mega’ means events must hold the ability to direct promotional messages to one million millions of people via telecasting and other beginnings of the media. 3. 9 billion people was the estimated figure that watched parts the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. and the cumulative Television audience estimation was 40 billion. 35. 000 hours in sum was devoted to its media coverage entirely. The summer and winter Olympic Games that have taken topographic point since 1992. the winter Olympic Games is approximately one?quarter the size of the summer Games in footings of jocks and events and so some might reason that it is non a true ‘mega’ event ( Matheson A ; Baade. 2003 ) . The summer Olympics are every four old ages to day of the month and go on to happen in the same twelvemonth as th e European Football Championships. The winter Olympics occur at the same clip as the FIFA Football World Cup finals and the Commonwealth Games. Within twenty old ages seven new athleticss and 79 events were added to the summer Olympics. Twenty?eight athleticss have featured in the Summer Olympics since 2000. although this figure has been taken down to 26 athleticss due to baseball and playground ball being removed after the 2008 Olympics. From 1998 the FIFA World Cup Finals have expanded from 24 to 32 football squads. Sporting Mega Events are still turning well even if athleticss are being cut from agendas ; they still create a immense screening audience. An illustration of Sporting Mega Events turning in the industry is the summer Olympics in Los Angeles. 1984. 140 states took portion. 6797 jocks competed. and 221 events took topographic point in 23 athleticss by 2004 in Athens 201 states were involved and 11. 099 jocks took portion in 301 events in the 28 Olympic athleticss ( Malfas et al. 2004 ) One ground that explains the addition in featuring Mega Events is with modern engineering more people can watch events like the Olympics for illustration on telecasting now. this creates a immense planetary audience and as more people are watching it. it becomes more popular. Key faculty members suggest that the most of import elements for a Mega Event are: The planning procedure. command procedure. media. public ingestion. political engagement. voluntaries and security. for this essay the focal point will be on how the media portray Events and how the public sees this. Roche ( 2009 ) states that the Olympics are a media event before they are a national event. Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) claim that Mega events have taken off in the industry chiefly due to the media and Mega Events are planetary events. Roche ( 2000 ) explains that the World Expos purpose has ever been to showcase planetary civilization and with the rise of new media it has created competition for their targeted audience. He so stated that Mega Events such as the Olympic Games without any inquiry do measure up as illustrations of ‘media-events’ and that they have besides taken off in the industry due to media beginnings. The Olympic Games created a really big media presenc e. Individual journalists and media companies were given permission to describe whilst the Games were unrecorded and besides they were given entree to countries that were constructed for them to stop up straight into the planetary media webs. Web logs and other signifiers of societal media for illustration chirrup were besides used to advance the Olympics. Television and other signifiers of media were used to portray the event worldwide. Billings ( 2010 ) examined the difference between media for masculine and feminine sporting activities and stated that the linguistic communication used by telecasters for male jocks is higher than for female jocks. The writer argued that merely sex appropriate athleticss are shown on telecasting for premier clip broadcast medium. for illustration. swimming. path and field events. He stated that female jocks are chiefly criticised and judged about their heterosexual entreaty. while male jocks are judged on their accomplishments and bravery. both male and female contestants should be judged and spoken about via the media on the same subject. that subject being their accomplishments and bravery. non how they look. Whilst the media normally portray great things about the Olympics to derive a wider audience. the media can besides make a negative mentality on the event non merely about how contestants may non hold done every bit good as predicted but besides about the manner they look. The media is aimed at the populace to do them desire to read more about the Olympics for illustration and to do the populace want to acquire involved and watch it. Ovide and Stewart ( 2012 ) found out that during the g ap ceremonial of the 2012 Olympics. chirrup was one of the top media networking systems used. 9. 66 million tweets were sent by people worldwide. and during the Games Usain Bolt won both the 200m and 100m spirit making over 80. 000 tweets per minute. The public feel as though they can link with the contestants when they tweet as many of the contestants have twitter excessively. As Ovide and Stewart ( 2012 ) province that chirrup has decidedly enhanced the relationship between the populace and rivals. leting jocks to go much more similar famous persons. it besides helps to construct relationships either from the broadcaster to viewer or from the jock to supporter/viewer. However every bit great as this may sound many people feel as though they have the right to compose hurtful messages to the jocks. and jocks besides think they can compose violative messages and acquire off with it. two jocks. Greece’s Paraskevi Papachristou and Switzerland’s Michel Morganella. were booted out of the Olympics for violative remarks on Twitter. The media is seen by the populace as a manner of publicity nevertheless a few jocks were forced to take remarks on societal networking sites about the trade name of their footwear. as these trad e names were non patrons of the Games in 2012. Mega Events do more than merely publicize and host an event ; they build a bequest stated by Kearney ( 2005 ) . Chappellet ( 2000 ) said that aim should non be to present a immense Event because giantism can be viewed as a menace. but to present an Event that is more alone and particular leaves a permanent grade in the history of Events. There are many impacts created from an Event. they can be both positive and negative. Preuss ( 2007 ) supports this. Positive experiences can go forth positive impacts. they can do a individual feel satisfaction towards the Event. positive impacts may go forth a individual experiencing felicity. their attitude may alter towards other Events similar in the industry or even other events in general. A positive impact can be made from event perceptual experiences being met or even crush. Along with the positive experiences and impacts there are besides negative experiences and they can make impacts such as a loss in hope. deficiency of satisfaction towards Events this may be due to a failure to run into outlooks or the outlooks could hold been set to high. as described by Bladen et Al ( 2012 ) . This essay has shown that although Mega Events have many similar features they are besides different in many ways. Mega Events cover a broad scope of Events such as Sporting Events and besides Cultural Events. nevertheless each type of Event besides has many different cardinal elements and impacts involved as n o two events can be precisely the same. This essay has chiefly looked at how media can advance an event and do it much bigger than if media was non used. Media can assist an event become planetary and is necessary for most Mega Events. Mentions Bladen. C. And Kennell. J. And Abson. E. And Wilde. N. ( 2012 ) . Events Management An Introduction. Routledge. USA. Bowdin. G. And Allen. J. And O’Toole. W. And Harris. R. And McDonnell. I. ( 2010 ) Events Management. ( 3rd edition ) . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bowdin. G. And Allen. J. And O’Toole. W. And Harris. R. And McDonnell. I. ( 2006 ) Events Management. ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Boyle. P. And Haggerty. K. ( 2009 ) . Dramatic Security: Mega-events and Security Complex. InternationalPolictical Socioology. 3 ( 3 ) : 257-274 Chatziefstathiou. D. ( 2012 ) . ‘Olympic Education and Beyond’ . Educational Review. 64. ( 3 ) . 385-400. FIFA ( 2002 ) 41. 100 hours of 2002 FIFA World Cup Television Coverage in 213 States [ online. Available at: hhtp: ? ? World Wide Web. fifa. com/newscentre/news/newsid=84258. hypertext markup language. Accessed 26 October 2011. Getz. D. ( 2007 ) Event Studies. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Hiller. H . ( 1998 ) . ‘Assessing the impact of Mega Events’ . Tourism. 1. 47-57. Horne. J. ( 2007 ) . ’The four knowns of Sports Mega Events’ . Leisure Studies. 26. ( 1 ) . 81-96. Horne. J. ( 2010 ) . ‘Leisure. Culture and the Olympic Games’ . Leisure surveies. 29. ( 3 ) . 35-340. Horne. J. ( 2012 ) . ‘Leisure. Culture and the Olympic Games’ . Leisure surveies. 31. ( 3 ) . 261-269. Horne. J. And Manzenreiter. W. ( 2006 ) . ‘An debut to the Sociology of Sports Mega Events’ . Sociological Review. 54. ( 2 ) : 1-24. Jobber. D. ( 2004 ) . Principles and Practice of Marketing. McGraw-Hill International. UK. Kotler. P. And Bowen. J. And Makens. J. ( 1999 ) . Selling and Hospitality and Tourism. ( 2nd edition ) . Upper Sadler River. NJ. Prentice Hall International. Preuss. H. ( 2007 ) . ‘The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sports Event Legacies’ . Sports and Tourism. 12. ( 3-4 ) . 207-228. Roche. M. ( 2000 ) . M ega- events and Modernity: Olympics. Expos and the Growth of Global Culture. Abington. Routledge. Wong. D. ( 2012 ) . ‘The Olympics: The basics’ . leisure surveies. 31. ( 3 ) . 373-375.